Kindergarten Chats – Architecture

This reading has introduced me to various factors in architecture regarding what it represents and should be in society through Louis Sullivan words. A Terminal Station: The Masculine Implies forceful, direct, clear and straightforward, The Feminine Implies intuitive sympathy, suavity, grace, and qualities of soothe, elevate, and refined. Should be easy to get in and out (efficiency) Outward aspect of the style takes on the ambulance of architecture. I agree, a terminal station should be able to tell us what it is and from the outside, where are the entrances, exists, etc†¦This is a public figure and needs to be clear. The Key: Each buildings external aspect represents character and it's up to us to unlock the architecture behind the building. The Architect represents or misrepresents society at large; what his plain duty is, if any what society has demanded and expect. There is a particular trust between the society and the Architects. Whichever way our architecture goes, so wi ll our country go However the architecture is rotten to the core, according to Sullivan, the illusion of American architecture.I agree how the public in large is not heavily involved in how their architecture is designed, thus we are putting trust on architect's hands. Nature: Is visible, objective forms, contains aspects of beauty of form and color. The elements of earth and air shaped by delicate hand of time A creative impulse of origin In conclusion, buildings are made of materials, but the elements of the earth are removed from the matrix of nature, and reorganized and reshaped by force; mechanical, muscular, mental, emotional, moral, and spiritual.Character: Not confined to the individual, it is also defined by the municipality, the nation, rent trends, and qualities that we the people are demanding in the marketplace. Values: We recognize values in medals, diplomas, or monuments. Brings a sense of community Curtain values in which money cannot measure. Take for example a buil ding, any builder can tell you the estimated value of the property in money terms. However, the value of the building is based on subjective value and Dollar value.Sullivan recommends that both come into play. Human nature determines the subjective value, which is more permanent, but money value is inseparable from the a Roman temple: affairs of life. Sullivan talked about how roman temples are place in great modern cities, at the same time having a strenuous sight, sound, that remind the people of their god. Such a holy precinct shall be doubly sacred to us in our reverence for this union of old and new. An example of how a building can be highly subjective, take for example a bank.Just as we discussed in class, a Bank wants their building to seem powerful with strong values. Sullivan disagrees that banks in America should not resemble a Roman Temple. He believes that it should belong to ancient Romans and that banks an make as much money in any kind of bank. Thus no need for imita tions . It was a part of Roman life and their culture, and that goes along with the Roman glory, thus building temples all over resemble a roman death. Taste: It expresses a familiarity with current persons of the culture, or trends. Ђ When an architect loses trust from the people at large, this is called weak taste. I always consider taste as what the market demands, for example having garages in suburban houses because of the demand for car and storage area. A Department Store: Sullivan describes a department stores as a structure that is logical, though, and states directly its purpose, and unmistakable though not wholly gratifying index of the business conducted within its walls. It's directness of statement is its chief virtue.Expanse of glass and light and displays In other words, it stands to reason that a thing looks like what it is and outward appearances resemble inner purposes. This is a great example of Function and Form. Function and Form: Every form we see there is a vital something or other which we do not see, which makes itself visible to us in that very form. A state of nature the form exists because of the function and behind the form is neither more nor less than a manifestation of what you call the infinite creative spirit, called God. Ђ A building is properly designed when you are able to read through and know the reason for that building. The details are not the same as the parts and the mass. Logical vs.. Organic growth Logical is scholarship, or taste, or all of them combined, cannot make organic architecture Logical is common sense, a thoroughly disciplined mind, a perfect quinine, and a gracious gift of expression. Logical can not deal with creativity process, for the creating function is vital, as its name is pure-reason. Ђ Organic correlates to organism, structure, growth, development, and form. Organic implies the pressure of a living force and a resultant structure or mechanism. The pressure is Function and the result ant is Form. Ornaments in Architecture: Sullivan explains ornaments as a decorative application of enhanced beauty of our structures. It's what gives charm to a building. I agree with Sullivan that it's a luxury, to a necessary, because of the great value of the masses.Take for example a garage; to me it does not need ornaments, because Just the building itself provides the required beauty. However I agree that a certain type of ornaments mixes well with certain buildings, examples: retail, industrial, residential, office, etc. Beautiful building may be designed that shall bear no ornaments A decorated structure, harmoniously conceived, well considered, cannot be stripped of its system of ornament without destroying its individuality. The luxury of this inquiry becomes necessary; our architecture shall have neared its final development. Ђ Ornament design will be more beautiful if it seems a part of the surface or substance that receives it than if it looks â€Å"struck on. â₠¬  Both the structure and ornament obviously benefit by this sympathy; each enhancing the value of the other. Also a curtain kind of ornament should appear on a certain kind of structure. Buildings should posses an individuality as marked as that which exists among men, making them distinctly separable from each other, however a strong the racial or family semblance may be.If I stare at my house, I will see all types of Ornaments that have been chosen because of my Hispanic culture, Ecuadorian family, sports, hobbies, and each room has a certain type of style. Thoughts about this Reading I personally did not like this reading as a narrative, because there were many parts filled with a lot of fluff. I prefer to read a reading that is more straightforward and provides real examples and has pictures. Overall, my favorite parts talking about we the people have trust and give total control to developers and architects of designing our lives.

Physical Activity and Education Standards Essay

It is a matter of fact that with the increased accent on academic education, physical exercise programs are declining in public and private schools. Nowadays there are minimal opportunities for students to lead active life during school time. It was reported that the number of students who attend physical training every day had decreased to 29 percent in 1999 compared with 42% in 1990. It is possible to maintain ideal body weight and health due to physical education classes. Students must receive at least an hour of physical training daily. Such process should involve vigorous activity during 10-15 minutes daily. It is apparent that sport is available in public schools, although not all children like to attend these classes. (National Standards) It is necessary to design such physical activity for students which will firstly meet required standards and secondly arouse interest among children. The most interesting and exciting activity is school sports competitions, because they involve many kinds of physical activity and develop team spirit in participants. School competitions will involve all students who are physically fit and also who are weaker. The competitions will last two days and embrace different activities. The first day will pass through l team games such as basketball, volleyball for girls and football for boys. The second day will process through team competitions devoted to running: long-distance races, sprints, running on the spots, high jump and standing (running) broad jump. It is necessary to explain why such physical activity is chosen. The first reason is that students will demonstrate their competency in different movement forms and their proficiency in selected ones. The second reason is that during team activities students will demonstrate team spirit, responsible social and personal behavior. The last reason is that students are taught in such way to understand and to respect differences among students with different physical abilities.

Product Launch Plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Product Launch Plan - Essay Example Nonetheless, the target consumers are middle class groups, who are highly involved in the media-saturated world attributable to things like advertisements, internet and mobile phone. Company SWOTT analysis Strengths The company is located in Italy, which is a company that is associated with a tradition of pioneering production of wine. In fact, this is a tradition that would enable the company to have a good reputation and the customers will have confidence in their products (Marini & Tepponen, 2012). The company will be situated in company that has favorable climate conditions, given that Italy is countries that cover an area attributed to different types of climatic zones; in this case, this will provide ideal location for increased productivity of grapes used for making wine. In 2011, trends of wine sales were attributed to establishment of modern concept, which are contrasting with the France conservative culture (Marini & Tepponen, 2012). In fact, France has a market of wine tha t is highly competitive due to introduction of flavored wines. Weaknesses Structures of Italian vineyards lack a specific strategy given that it is highly concentrated with small wineries that are owned by families and this have a negative impact on production (Marini & Tepponen, 2012). The company is likely to face challenges due to unfamiliarity with French culture and their customs; in fact, this may have a negative impact on the effort to venture into the market (Marini & Tepponen, 2012). Opportunities In France, there are potential customers, who have developed tastes and preferences for wine; in fact, they are able to rank these products based on value over volume leading to willingness to pay high prices per unit price (Marini & Tepponen, 2012). There are opportunities derived through wine intelligence in France market, whereby there are models being developed to facilitate market growth and ascendancy of wine; thus, the consumers will develop ways of distinguishing between v arious categories of wine (Marini & Tepponen, 2012). On the other hand, the company can focus on establishing a single brand with consistency in quality, taste and it will be associated with Italy. Threats France market has been surpassed by other markets such as Australia and Britain; thereby a decision to venture this market poses a threat of reduced profitability compared to other markets (Marini & Tepponen, 2012). There are other threats emanating from a decrease in the number of wine drinkers; in fact, this is a tradition has been introduced in the market, despite high per capita among consumers in the market. The competition There are increased chances that Italy will lose their position of being leaders in the market of wines due to stiff competition from other countries such as Australia, America, Chile and South Africa. However, Italy has attained a competitive advantage based on marketing strategies, whereby they promote products through captivating images (Fernandez-Cruz, 2003). Nonetheless, this competition has led to a decrease sales of wine in Italy; in fact, analysis in 2010 indicates that the country lost to their leading position to South Africa, which attained twenty percent market share. Therefore, this

Nahil computers company internship Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Nahil computers company internship - Essay Example Currently, the company focuses on the sale and support of its diverse range of products in the Saudi Arabia kingdom. It has established a network of branches throughout the Saudi Arabia kingdom. An outstanding factor about the Nahil Computer Company is the fact that the company has been a leader in the market indulging in the distribution, reselling, as well as system integration of both computers and other computer related products. The Nahil Computer Company’s focus is to promote customer satisfaction of a remarkably high level. The company ensures the quality of products and service reliability, as well as the establishment of reputable brands. Recently, the company has indulged in downsizing its operations by adjusting its structure. The structural adjustments and the downsizing of the structure have served to propel the company to higher success. When the company started, it had less than ten employees and a single office located in Riyadh. However, the company has exhibited growth over the years and has numerous branches across Saudi Arabia. The company’s vision is to become the most preferred and trusted supplier that provides personalized, modular and turnkey IT solutions. In addition, the company seeks to ensure that it provides the best available services to all the customers (SÃ £vulescu 76). The company’s mission is to ensure that it achieves a 100% customer satisfaction through the launching of high-quality products and providing customers with remarkable support. Therefore, the company has technicians with outstanding skills who ensure that clients make the right decisions and provide them with cost-effective solutions. Since the company focuses on creating a positive customer relationships, it seeks to improve its quality in order to provide customers with their products. One of the outstanding core values of the company is the organization that seeks to ensure that customer choices and opinions have the priority (Mohammed 1). The

How important was citizen participation in Soviet decision-making Essay

How important was citizen participation in Soviet decision-making - Essay Example 46). Only in the beginning of 1990s, citizens of the former Soviet Union began to speak about the 74 years of Soviet regime as a "blank space" in the course of national history, a blunder, a roundabout way, as something that virtually better hadn't happened. "Now 1991 is referred to as the "collapse" or "falling-apart" (raspad), a word with almost purely negative connotations, even though people also tell opinion-pollers that they would not want to go back to the old order" (Sherman 1990 p. 15). Besides there is no doubt that knowledge in this area is highly disordered disorientation and blurred as for a very long time nearly until the beginning of "perestroika" the Soviet Union remained a skilfully isolated and closed political system (Segal, Batt, Buzan, Duncan, Goodman, Price, Margot, Williams & Womack 1992). In our work we'll investigate the Soviet era itself with its "backwardness". We will view the question through the prism of the course of comparatively recent history from 1917 to 1991. In short, our incentive is not to prove that twentieth century Russia and the whole USSR was backward but to demonstrate how decisive this backwardness was and even is for Russian and Soviet self-understanding (Fitzpatrick 2000, p. 378). Russia's "backwardness" as compared with the Wes... 104) "Russia as third Rome" were still general and common, but even the supporters of such concepts like Slavophiles often had prejudice and concerning the universal Russian intelligentsia's sense of inferiority about west countries that were considered to be more developed (Motyl 1990, p. 211). Marxist revolutionaries as a group of the radical intelligentsia which appeared in the beginning of the 20th century got the name the Bolsheviks. Socialism implies for them a lot, but what appeared to be the most essential, as became clearly understandable after they gain power in the October Revolution in 1917, was the process of "modernization" or "modification" the whole society. Their fundamental incentive was the surmounting of historic backwardness of the country (Drakulic 1987). The Bolsheviks considered that this so-called economic and cultural backwardness was the result of quantity of the non-Slavic peoples of the North and East and "dark" peasantry. "Since Russia's population in the early twentieth century was 80 per cent peasant, and non-Slavs constituted close to half of the population of the state that in 1923 became the Soviet Union that meant that "backwardness" was the prevailing condition" (Fitzpatrick 2000, p. 378). The Bolsheviks considered themselves a vanguard party. Strictly speaking, this implied that they represented the vanguard of the proletariat; and in broader meaning, it implied a vanguard of education with the main aim to steer the public masses out of backwardness. And after the winning of Revolution they declared their vanguard in the whole world (Sherman 1990 p. 14). These events were profoundly based on their Marxist perception of history, with its ideas and postulates

Philosophy of Nursing Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Philosophy of Nursing - Coursework Example During those ages when women were confined within their homes and family life, nursing had become a household art. Progress of nursing has been influenced by the duties of women and their economic independence. In earliest times, nursing was associated with motherly care of infants and was termed as wet nurse. By the 16th century the meaning of nursing meant to attend and care for the sick (Donahue, 2010, pp.4,6). In early times it was believed that nurses required no formal education or training. They were unlicensed doctors, abortionists, midwives and counselors in the western history. For centuries, the nurses passed on their experiences to their neighbors or daughters. They were termed as â€Å"wise women† by the people. One early myth was that women were so trapped by their menstruation and reproduction cycles that they were not independent outside their homes. Another myth was that male professionals had superior technology. These myths were false since women were inherently healers for the poor. It was also found that male professionals depended more on ritualistic practices while women represented more humane approach to healing (Ehrenreich & English, pp.25,27). According to Jean Watson, professor of Nursing, â€Å"The nurse has a human responsibility to move beyond the patient’s immediate specific needs and help the patient reach his or her highest level of growth, mat urity and health† (Clarke, 2011, p.406). Professor Margaret Newman has stated all contrasting experiences are equal like pain and pleasure, failure and success etc. Although, spiritually this makes sense, this is not practical when practicing nursing especially in cases where patients seek recovery from illness (Clarke, 2011, p.406). The concept of nursing is often considered as informal care of patients and therefore most practicing nurses do not accept nursing models

HIV and Pregnancy Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

HIV and Pregnancy - Research Paper Example Transmission occurs through body fluids like blood, semen, cervical or vaginal discharge and breast milk (Reynolds, 2004). Vertical transmission is thereby possible during pregnancy, labor and breast-feeding period. The gravity of the problem is indicated by the statistics which tell us that 15-20% of infants born to HIV positive women not on retro-viral treatment will be infected during the last trimester of pregnancy and more so in labor. This paper deals with the methods of managing and preventing this incurable disease being transmitted from mother to child during the pregnancy period, during labor and during the infancy period and the role of nurses in this function. The HIV has an affinity for the CD4 cells or the T helper lymphocytes which are the key role players in the body immune response (Reynolds, 2004). HIV later develops into AIDS. The symptoms of the illness are actually symptoms of the opportunistic infections, associated tumors and encephalopathy. Children born to HI V positive women may carry the antibodies for one year. They cannot be considered positive till above one year of age. The Department of Health in UK recommends an HIV test for all pregnant women so nobody can claim lack of awareness of their condition (Hawkins et al, 2005). The ethics of providing treatment for infertility had previously been questioned but now centers are reviewing their policies (Hawkins et al, 2005). Vertical transmission may be facilitated during pregnancy by malnutrition, high viral load in the first trimester, reactivated herpes simplex infection, genital infections and illicit drug use (NAM, 2004). Prevention may be targeted at these focal points to reduce the vertical transmission. Malnutrition may be prevented by ensuring that pregnant women consume sufficient nutritious food, compensating for diarrhea by more potassium-containing foods, nausea by taking small frequent meals and loss of weight by nutritional supplements (Reynolds, 2004). Mouth ulcers and c andidiasis may be corrected similarly. Avoiding infection and providing timely and apt treatment would help in controlling infection. However this becomes a problem if other children are in the family. Regular blood tests like CD cell count and other tests could indicate the immune response status. Exposure to blood-borne infections like herpes simplex and cytomegalus viruses and toxoplasmosis must be noted as they could be activated again when the immunity reduces. Prophylaxis is possible by instituting anti-retroviral therapy when the CD4 count lowers from 250cells/cu.mm. Prognosis is facilitated by the three-drug HAART therapy of nevirapine, lamivudine and zidovudine (AVERT, 2002). These are avoided in the first 14 weeks as they could produce terratogenesis. Problems like drug resistance and side-effects like nausea, vomiting and diarrhea are expected. Opportunistic infections may be treated but they too produce similar side-effects and thrombocytopenia. Support may be provided t o those who use illicit drugs and wean them away. The women may be given oral zidovudine in the last 26 weeks of pregnancy and intravenous zidovudine (AZT) during labor and oral AZT syrup for the infant for the first six weeks when breastfeeding is avoided (Reynolds, 2004). Bloodless Caesarian Sections could be planned for delivery. Invasive procedures need to be avoided. A difficult labor should not be permitted to happen. The doctors and staff

Apple Inc. Total quality managemnt Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Apple Inc. Total quality managemnt - Term Paper Example Quality is can be defined as anything that is in accordance with the need of the time and up to the desired satisfaction level of customers and clients (Bose). Since the customers hold the position of pivot towards the success or failure of any organization, therefore definition of quality and its subsequent implementation is very vital for the survival of any organization. The total Quality management is a separate discipline in the field of management which if implemented in the appropriate manner ensures productivity and desired results. The scope of T.Q.M is very broad and it takes into account all the necessary components of the organizational structure and thereby highlights the areas of improvement and areas of strength. The concept of T.Q.M has introduced new dimensions in the field of management and industry businesses and it has ended the old culture of dependencies on each other. T.Q.M allows adoption of a framework which ensures independence of various components of the system. The prime goal behind the T.Q.M is increased productivity and customer satisfaction (Grigoroudis and Siskos). It provides a detailed descriptive method of adopting and implementing it. This concept is equally implacable to the services as well as product manufacturing industries. In recent times many industries have benefited from its implementation. Apple Inc being an international brand is no exception to this rule and the definition of quality and its implication equally applies to this organization. Apple enjoys the name of a market leader amongst its competitors. Whatever has been achieved by Apple Inc is the result of adherence to the total quality management. It has ensured that each of the three necessary components of the T.Q.M are present in the organization and its products (Blocher). Apple is confronted with continuous challenge in form of the block of competitors both in the domain of mobile phones and operating systems and computers. According to Wall

BRIEF OF CASE Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

BRIEF OF CASE - Essay Example The petitioner appeals but the Court of Special Appeals concludes that the Circuit court’s decision in favor of the Bank is legally correct. FACTS: The plaintiff Jeff E. Messing sued the Bank of America in court for refusal of a cash withdrawal over the counter through a check drawn on the bank because of the bank’s Thumbprint Signature Program for non-customers. Under the Thumbprint Signature Program, a bank requests non-customer presenters of checks over the counter to place an ‘‘inkless’’ thumbprint or fingerprint on the face of the check as part of the identification process. HOLDING:  § 3-501b (2) and (3). (2)Upon demand of the person to whom presentment is made, the person making presentment must (1) exhibit the instrument, (2) give reasonable identification and, if presentment is made on behalf of another person reasonable evidence of authority to do so, and (3) sign a receipt on the instrument for any payment made or surrender the instrument if full payment is made. (3)Without dishonoring the instrument, the party to whom presentment is made may (1) return the instrument for lack of a necessary indorsement, or (2) refuse payment or acceptance for failure of the presentment to comply with the terms of the instrument, an agreement of the parties or other applicable law or rule. RATIONALE: The reduction of risk promotes the expansion of commercial practices, bringing to the conclusion the direction of  § 1-102 (2) (b) that a bank’s requirement of a thumbprint placed upon a check presented over the counter by a non-customer is

Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) We have now had ten years of the Essay

Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) We have now had ten years of the Woolf reforms and experience proves that - Essay Example The exchange of documents must take place beforehand and no evidence can be allowed to be produced at the end of the trial to cause embarrassment to the opponent and leave him bewildered with no instant answer. Apart from this, the new requirement literally results in the trial being conducted twice. Any deficiencies on the part of the disputing parties are liable to be penalized by extra cost for having wasted court’s time and the other party’s time. This development has driven the litigants to seek redress out of court or suffer without their dispute being resolved. For example, as against 350,000 new cases filed in 1990 and 1991 before the Queen’s bench, cases filed after the reforms were 150,000 each year especially after the expansion of jurisdiction for country courts. And now since the year 2002, new claims have dropped to less than 20,000 per year. He says that this is a reflection of litigation being settled by other than legal means. The new CPR has led to judges’ over-involvement in the case management which increases only the litigation cost with ninety percent unsure whether a case would be tried at all.1 Immediate reaction from Judge Charles Harris QC on April 16, 2009 notes that Lawrence’s comments are exaggerated. He points out that the interim report of June 1995 on Access to Justice was concerned with three evils obstructing the way to justice. They were â€Å"delay, complexity and cost†. According to him Woolf reforms have reduced delays by virtue of case management by the judiciary which prevents litigators from prolonging their cases. As for complexity, unlike old Sale of Act 1979, modern day legislations like Consumer Credit Act 2006 are not fully comprehensible to both the lawyers as well the litigants. This complexity had crept in into criminal law and civil procedure as well. Hence, Lord Woolf aimed at simplicity for the Civil Procedure Rules (CPR) so that they are easily comprehended by both th e lawyers and litigants. He therefore introduced shorter expressions like â€Å"claimant† â€Å"statement of the case† and â€Å"part 20 defendant†. The rules empower a judge to do what is fair and appropriate. As for its complexity, it has become more complex going by the fact that the CPR prior to 1997 which ran into 3,933 pages is now 5,827 pages which included a supplement and further 287 pages of guidance. As against Lord Woolf’s objective of reducing the multiplicity of practice directions, the opposite has happened. While the fast track rules for straight forward cases run into seven pages, practice directions consist of nine pages. He says that well drafted rules do not require practice directions and they do not make sense to the litigants either. As for access to justice, Judge Charles Harris says that it depends on how quickly and easily proceedings could be commenced. Prior to CPR, it was very simple with a mere letter to the opponent for whic h if there was no reply, straight away case could be filed with a

A Theory of Cross-Cultural Communication Essay Example for Free

A Theory of Cross-Cultural Communication Essay Cultures here are minimally seen as large-scale systems of assumed shared references, linguistic or otherwise1, used for the purposes of reducing complexity. 2 Cultures themselves may idealize one or several centers, where the shared references are felt to be so dense that communication would be without any need for reductions of complexities. Away from such ideals, cultures have peripheries, where references are sparse, or sparsely shared, or mixed with references shared by other cultures. The terms â€Å"center† and â€Å"periphery† are not to be understood geopolitically. (cf. Even-Zohar 1990, Toury 1995) The differences between centers and peripheries are operative fictions rather than primary empirical facts. The very belief that one is in a central position may be enough to curtail complexity, just as the false impression that one is lacking in context may increase complexity. (Pym 1998) The difference between center and periphery may also be characterized in terms of effort. When shared references are believed to be dense (all else being equal), the reduction of complexity requires less effort than when the references are believed to be sparse. Effort here is understood as being on both the sending and receiving sides of messages, as well as in any mediating position or investment in the channel. A text sent and received near a perceived center will thus require less investment of effort than the same text sent from a center to a periphery (assuming that the reduction of complexity is 1. 3. 1. 4. 1. 5. to be to a similar degree in both cases). And further supplementary effort will be needed if the text is to be received in another culture. (Pym 1995) 1. 6. The lines between cultures are marked as cross-over points where the communication act receives supplementary effort of a mediating and discontinuous nature. Such points are usually where translations are carried out. (Pym 2001a) Cross-cultural communication thus marks the points of contact between cultures, although it alone will not join up the points to form any kind of line. (Pym 1998, 2001a, cf. Chatwin 1987) On complexity and its reduction Texts are inscribed objects that can be interpreted in different ways and for different functions, quite independently of any original intentions. The plurality of possible interpretations is what we are calling complexity. The reduction of complexity does not imply any discerning of a true or primal meaning. For example, a reader at this point might interpret the term â€Å"reduction of complexity† as â€Å"understanding†, but such a reading will hopefully be deviated by the following paragraphs. In this sense, the reduction of complexity does not entail an act of understanding in any idealist sense. Nor must effort be expended only to reduce complexity. Effort can also be used to make texts more complex, preparing them for a greater plurality of interpretations. Such might be a certain conception of aesthetic pleasure, diplomatic ambiguity, or communicative mechancete. The degree of appropriate complexity is in each case dependent on the success conditions of the communicative act concerned. On success conditions Success conditions are criteria that make the communicative act beneficial for all or some of the participants concerned. 4 Such criteria may be simple, as in the case of a business negotiation to reach mutual agreement on a sales price: the success condition might be that a price is agreed to by all participants.

Ghana, the mixed capitalist Essay Example for Free

Ghana, the mixed capitalist Essay Gold Coast, now Ghana had his independence in 1957 after a long struggle with our colonial masters, the British by Kwame Nkrumah and others who helped in diverse ways such as â€Å"the Big Six† and others. Colonized by the British, Ghana has gone through a lot of systems of governance; Monarchical, autocracy and now democracy. So is with economic systems which go with any form of governance system. Currently there are about four (4) economic systems in the world which are; socialist, capitalist, mixed economy (Socialist and Capitalist) and Islamic economic jurisprudence. The Economic Systems All these are economic systems and it is defines those who controls and owns the economic resources which forms the â€Å"means† in economics. Every economy is measured by the usage of its means and the nature of the â€Å"means† owners determines the kind of economic system the country runs. Socialist system of economy is a one that has its resources highly controlled by the central government. E. g. USSR (Russia, Ukraine, Yugoslavia etc), the Capitalist economy is that whose resources is highly owned and controlled by private individuals or a body other than the government. E. g. USA, UK, part of Europe etc. The Mixed economy is that which combines both the socialist and the capitalist economic systems to run the country’s economy. In that, the central government controls part of the economy whiles the other part is controlled by private participation. Functions of the Economic Systems There are multiple components to economic systems. Their interaction may be coherent or result in instability. Decision-making structures of an economy determine the use of economic inputs (the factors of production), distribution of output, the level of centralization in decision-making, and who makes these decisions. Decisions might be carried out by industrial councils, by a government agency, or by private owners. Every economic system represents an attempt to solve three fundamental and interdependent problems: What goods and services shall be produced and in what quantities? How shall goods and services be produced? That is, by whom and with what resources and technologies? For whom shall goods and services be produced? That is, who is to enjoy the benefits of the goods and services and how is the total product to be distributed among individuals and groups in the society. E. g. the current load management by the VRA and the ECG. Thus every economy is a system that allocates resources for exchange, production, distribution and consumption. The system is stabilized through a combination of threat and trust, which are the outcome of institutional arrangements. An economic system possesses the following institutions: Methods of control over the factors or means of production: this may include ownership of, or property rights to, the means of production and therefore may give rise to claims to the proceeds from production. The means of production may be owned privately, by the state, by those who use them or be held in common. A decision-making system: this determines who is eligible to make decisions over economic activities. Economic agents with decision-making powers can enter into binding contracts with one another. A coordination mechanism: this determines how information is obtained and used in decision-making. The two dominant forms of coordination are planning and markets; planning can be either de-centralized or centralized, and the two coordination mechanisms are not mutually exclusive and often co-exist. An incentive system: this induces and motivates economic agents to engage in productive activities. It can be based on either material reward (compensation or self-interest) or moral suasion (for instance, social prestige or through a democratic decision-making process that binds those involved). The incentive system may encourage specialization and the division of labour. Organizational form: there are two basic forms of organization: actors and regulators. Economic actors include households, work gangs and production teams, firms, joint-ventures and cartels. Economically regulative organizations are represented by the state and market authorities; the latter may private or public entities. A distribution system: this allocates the proceeds from productive activity, which is distributed as income among the economic organizations, individuals and groups within society, such as property owners, workers and non-workers, or the state (from taxes). A public choice mechanism for law-making, establishing rules, norms and standards and levying taxes. Usually this is the responsibility of the state but other means of collective decision-making are possible, such as workers’ councils. The Ghana’s Economy Ghana’s economy is purely a mixed type with the resources sharply divided between the public and private participation. The service sector is highly controlled by the government while the production sector is dominated by private and group participation. Decision making, which determines the direction of the economy and the type system, is done a lot of the times, through consultations with stakeholders of the economy. Example; when the power and water companies wanted to review utility tariffs to a certain percentage, there was a lot of consultations thereby; getting the rate we have now. Ghana, before the independence was purely capitalist. After independence, the then government focused on turning the economy into a communist/socialist system. They invested so much in agriculture which was the only sector controlled by the government and also reached out to industrialize the economy. Currently, Ghana is well-endowed with natural resources and agriculture accounts for roughly one-quarter of GDP and employs more than half of the workforce, mainly small landholders. The services sector accounts for 50% of GDP. Gold and cocoa production and individual remittances are major sources of foreign exchange. Oil production at Ghanas offshore Jubilee field began in mid-December, 2010, and is expected to boost economic growth. Finally, I may agree with the statement but require more facts to completely justify its truth. Ghana is a mixed economy but capitalist oriented on the face assessment value of the various sectors. But can justify, if all percentages of public/private participation of the economic sectors are well defined. This will couple with the clear policy direction of the present governments which has state on record as being social democrats and has manifestoes seeking to provide a lot for the people.

Two sociological theories and two psychological theories

Two sociological theories and two psychological theories The Johnson family Scenario In this assignment I will explore two sociological theories and two psychological theories impacting on the Johnson family. I shall begin by exploring sociological theories analysing and defining them and in the second half of this assignment will then explore psychological theories. I will also look at the professional interventions available in social work. I shall endeavour to indicate their strength and weaknesses incorporating their relationships to issues of class, race, culture gender and sexuality. I will then reflect on the influence of these theories on my own development to achieve social work professional status. Max Weber defined consensus as existing when expectations about the behaviour of others are realistic because the others will usually accept these expectations as valid for themselves, even without an explicit agreement. For Marxists, consensus is a highly ideological concept used to perpetuate class rule by attempting to disguise the extent of conflict within society. (Answers.com) Durkheim is known to have drawn an analogue of the functionalist perspective view in which he said that society is a system of interrelated parts each of which relies upon the other parts for efficient functioning.'(Cunningham, J Cunningham,S).These institutions are essential for maintaining that society works harmoniously and orderly. The view of the functionalist is that the use of power is acceptable and generally beneficial to society. They share norms and values which help them to determine the right from the wrong. There is an acceptance from the functionalists positions that conflicts will occur but will only be temporary and can quickly be resolved. Society should be adequately prepared to deal with instances of anti social behaviour so that society as a whole benefits. In the functionalist perspective schools first role is to emphasise proper behaviour and knowledge that is necessary to maintain a civilised society. According to the functionalist, the children in the Johnsons should therefore be sent to school to be equipped with this weapon and the fact that they are truanting could easily be viewed as anti social behaviour. Karl Marx did not at all agree with capitalisms theories of consensus and in his writing highlighted the conflict theory, although acknowledging structural integration of societys institutions such as political, legal or religious which he described as the superstructure. His view was that workers in the class system like Desmond a car mechanic and Mary a cook at a primary school were being exploited and that there should be equality on control, power, wealth and the best education. Marxists felt that it was those with the means of production that had the power and therefore significantly influenced the rest of the society. This causes a difference of interest among social groups which in turn causes conflict. As both Desmond and Mary are working this creates pressure on parenting skills and has probably forced Desmond to decide sending Eustace to a residential home. Marxists perceive functionalists as deceiving as they say the norms and values which they claim are the backbone of society are infect their norms and values that only help to strengthen their positions perpetuating the unequal social system. Marxists argued that the workers were being replaced by machines in their roles of employment and this resulted in them loosing their skills, assuming monotonous jobs, separated from each other by the noise and would return home dehumanised and physically exhausted. Marx believed the proletariat would realise the exploitation, join together and revolt overthrowing the system and establishing true systems . The Marxists view of social work is that it is an agent of the state and as such reinforces the interest of the ruling class. Their view is that the state in capitalists societies saves the interests of the ruling classes and do not treat their citizens equally even in cases of welfare services. They further state that the image of caring that they create is only a myth which serves to enhance the profits of the capitalists that the social workers serve through the state. The Marxists do not see the necessity of the social control role of social work but an agent of state bent on socially controlling those that are already marginalised and excluded. In this view social workers tend to be ignorant of the poverty they are meant to be addressing from the society by empowering service users to take action and bring about change. The Johnson family appears overcrowded in their residence and this is associated with poverty. Social workers have found themselves working with tied hands as th e system is tightly regulated and procedural thereby restricting social workers from exercising their knowledge. Functionalists viewed the institution of family to be the best organisational basis for society. Talcott Parsons (1955) insists that the family retains two basic and irreducible functions. These are the primary socialisation of children and the stabilisation of adult personalities. So this view will explain that for the family to maintain stability, it needs support to ensure normality. This perspective then explains that if there are signs of antisocial behaviour such as truanting then the family unit needs to be supported. According to Murdock (1949) family performs four important functions i.e. providing new members of the society by reproduction, providing stability for adults through sexual gratification, providing for the economic well being and educating the young to socialise into societys norms and values. Eustaces wondering and confusion could be viewed as hindering by the functionalists because it is affecting Mary who they expect to be participating in the society both as a mother and a worker as it is the institute that will influence good behaviour of children. Functionalists believed that the family is a positive institution, a view that meets well with the needs of an advanced industrial society. The functionalists would view Eustaces confusion as costing the society in terms of health care for Mary and himself. Eustaces problems must be rectified in order to get Mary functioning well again and become productive in the society. Functionalists highlight the ideal family type in a modern society, as the nuclear family. The view of the nuclear family comprises of a breadwinner husband ( in the scenario this would be Desmond) and dependant wife and children. Mary cannot be classified as dependant as she is also working and earning. The functionalist view of the family as ideological is criticised as a conservative stance. Some feminists criticise this view as being unrealistic as it does not recognise the oppression of women in families. However, they defend the claim that the functionalist view of family life is shared by many people, if not only as an aspiration. The nuclear family is seen as traditional and positive. Marxism states that the family is a product of capitalism and is therefore an exploitative institution. They argue that families are not built upon love but are founded from necessity. Women therefore become the property of men and all roles within families exist in order to maintain a capitalist state. There are two classes in the society according to Marxism. One is the ruling class and the other is the subject class. The Johnson family would be classified as a subject class and their employers like the garage owners where Desmond works would be the ruling class. This is opposed by functionalist who claims that there are many classes in society and points to a division of labour. Eustaces situation is also causing friction between Desmond (a father and mechanic) and Mary thereby threatening the institution of family. However a Marxist would hold a different view putting the blame on Mary being over worked and thereby causing her to be depressed. They highlight the lack of care from the employers who do not pay well enough keeping most of the profits to themselves prompting Mary to work long hours. Desmond is said to be impatient with Eustace who he sees as stressing his wife at home while trying to do her job. This appears a functionalist view where Desmond is concerned about Mary being disrupted in doing her job hence not able to contribute to the income. Mary and Desmond might have moved to the UK in response to the big drive for workforce after the world war. They were promised better lives with luxurious facilities only to realise when they arrived in the UK that it was not the case and they had to work extremely hard to earn a living. Desmonds role would be to provide and Mary also performing this role as she also works. Caring for Eustace could be seen by Desmond as preventing Mary from performing the task expected within her role, a view that the feminists would regard as oppressive. Whilst various sociological school of thought tries to explain family circumstances and possible interventions that may assist families it is not adequate in itself. In this context I will now turn to psychological perspectives. The essay will examine psychological theories of behavioural approach, which developed through the works of Thorndike (trial and error learning), Pavlov (classical conditioning) and Skinner (operant conditioning) who all believed that the environment controlled behaviour. Behavioural theory is based on a scientific method (Banks, 2001. p. 73) and on what can be observed, studied, measured and reliably changed (Feltham, 1995; cited in Adams R, Dominelli L Payne M, 2002. p.144). It argues that internal states such as thoughts, intentions and feeling are not observable and replicable, hence are not open to scientific analysis, it aims to eradicate or reduce behaviours that are deemed problematic while positive behaviours are encouraged, an agreement between the service user and the practitioner through the process of positively reinforcing and rewarding consequences that a service user consider valuable. Payne (1997) in his token economies (Payne, 1997. p.133) argues that this helps reinforce and strengthen the desirable behaviour. This theory sees the behaviourist assuming that most behaviour is learned as a result of our interactions with our environment, including emotional development, perceptions of the external world, social behaviour and personality. Milner and OByrne (1998 p112) describes Classical conditioning occurring when there is an association of conditioned and unconditioned stimulus such that the former stir up a response previously evoked only by the later. This was similar to Pavlovs (1911) conclusion in his famous Dog-Salivation-Experiment. If applied in this case study it would first try to identify the original stimulus, in this case, the loss of a loved one Susan, the response, Eustaces confusion and Marys anxiety and depression. Those associated with unpleasant or stressful feelings may become conditioned stimuli for feelings of anger and anxiety later on. (Birch A, 1997, p139). Another theory of behaviour Operant conditioning claims that learning occurs when voluntary behaviour arises from an individual and becomes more or less likely to be repeated depending on its results as demonstrated by Skinner (1953) in his Skinner-Box-Experiments with a cat and a pigeon. In the Johnson family scenario, Mary is a service user with depression and anxiety which Milner and OByrne argues ABC Approach (Milner and O Byrne, 1998. p.114) is necessary in identifying and analysing the behaviour that needs modification in agreement with the service user. Mary has gone to see the doctor on her own accord and therefore there is an agreement. This would involve establishing the Antecedent (caring for her father and the family), and the consequences (depression and anxiety). The consequences will either strengthen or weaken behaviour by reinforcement or punishment (Payne, 1997. p. 114). In Marys case it is the depression and anxiety that is undesirable. The distinctive characterist ic of operant conditioning relative to previous forms of behaviorism is that the organism ( Mary) can emit responses instead of only eliciting response due to an external stimulus (the practitioner). It is likely that Mary would respond positively if the right responses have been reinforced. Behaviourism models are advantageous due to their easy adaptability and practicability by inexperienced practitioners without extensive training than would be expected of a psychodynamic approach (Adams, R, Dominelli, L and Payne, M, 2002. p. 144) in facilitating an effective outcome. Payne (1997) also argues that the prescribed explicit, structured guidanceà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦and assessment instruments employed (Payne, 1997. p. 134) gives unskilled practitioners the confidence to apply behavioural theory and procedures in interventions. My perception is that as behavioural intervention focuses on negative behaviour that needs modification, it is empowering the service user to choose and self determine the behaviours that need modification in partnership and therefore the practitioner is recognising and respecting individuality. The role of the practitioner is to facilitate and support the service user. Thus, labelling and making judgement on the service user is avoided and is then direct ed to the behaviour. Behavioural approaches have been criticised by some practitioners as being excessively mechanistic (Banks, 2001. p.73) and non-human (Payne, 1997. p.122) in some of its methods, conducts and terms used, as they do not take into account service user individuality and will to choose. It is true that Mary would be different from other service users who would have used the same theory. The behavioural approach overall intervention emphasis is on the need to change or modify the client behaviour rather than those around the client who may be the problem. In the case scenario it is probably Desmond who we need to convince that Mary and Eustace need his understanding and cooperation as well as dealing with the fact that the family were not offered support to grieve and move on with life after the death of a loved one. Milner and OByrne (1998) point out that social workers tend to do as they find easier to change an individual than challenge the status quo (Milner and OByrne, 1998. Attachment has been defined as an affectionate bond between two individuals that endures through space and time and serves to join them emotionally Kennell 1976. John Bowlby described attachment as a lasting psychological connectedness between human beings (Bowlby, 1969, p. 194). Bowlby believed that the earliest bonds formed by children with their caregivers had an impact lasting throughout their lives. Adult attachment theory helps Social Workers understand how people feel and act within close relationships, particularly in stressful situations.  Attachment is not different in adulthood and in childhood as they all will give and receive support. Attachment relationships can be secure or insecure.  Attachment is clearly influential in both professional and personal settings.   As a Social Worker knowing about the attachment theory can help to make the right steps in order to protect the child and the family. Mary Ainsworth expanded greatly on Bowlbys original work with behaviour experiment which she named Strange Situation. In the study children between 12 months and 18 months were left alone with a stranger with the mother returning a moment later. The study revealed three major styles of attachment: secure attachment, ambivalent-insecure attachment and avoidant insecure attachment. A fourth one was later added on by researchers Main and Solomon called disorganised insecure-attachment. It is clear that Mary has a bond with her father and hence his condition is affecting her psychologically. The fact that Mary and Desmonds relationship seemed to be strained by having Eustace living with them shows that they are experiencing lack of intimacy support for one another. The scenario mentions the death of Susan in the family and appears that Eustace, Mary and the Kids have been affected. Loss through death is a normal part of life experienced by everyone. The grief process varies in length and this also depends on the strength of the attachment. This period is usually very painful as the affected seek to adjust or cope without their loved one. Collin, Murray-parkes (1972) describes bereavement as an illness, thus in turn prompted Mary to see her doctor for help. The Johnson family appears not to have gone through the grieving process. Eustace is showing a lack of interest in normal life by wondering and could be his way of searching for his wife. The grieving process involves psychological suffering ( Birch, A ,1997 p251) Grief is defined as the process of psychological, social and somatic reactions to the perceptions of loss (Rando, 1984). This explains that the individual is affected mentally, physically as well as socially. Bereavement is defined as the state of having suffered a loss (Rando, 1984). According to Balwby excessive separation anxiety is usually the result of adverse family experiences, such as repeated threats of abandonment or rejections by parents, or to parents or siblings illnesses or death for which the child feels responsible. The truanting of the children could be a result of the feeling that they felt abandoned after the death of Susan who at one stage raised them for three years when their parents moved to the UK and could have bonded with the children. They have been living in the same house and this could have kept them close. A key principle of an attachment based practice is the acknowledgment that young children develop a range of adaptive strategies that are designed to help them cope with, survive and function in whatever situations they happen to find themselves, The children could be truanting as way of coping with the loss. As Eustace is wondering and possibly searching for his wife, it could be that he is thinking of joining her wife where ever she is. This brings Erikssons stages of development Integrity v Despair. Integrity is contentment with what you have achieved and Despair is the feeling that you have achieved nothing. As Eustace could be nearing the end of his life he will probably look back with integrity. He had his child who also got married and had her own family. He has lived for more than sixty years and although it does not look like he lived a porch life he was not homeless and up to this day still has a loving daughter taking care of him. Eustace will probably be looking forward to dying with contentment. Applying sociological and psychological theories as well as social work values has been a challenge for me considering my ethnic background of African origin as much as the Johnson family who travelled to settle in the UK, a country with different norms, cultures and values. I feel I empathise more with the Johnson family, in relation to the impact of new norms, culture and a new way of living. Studying social work has challenged some of my beliefs and prejudices and hence the toleration of others, provide recognition and ability to challenge discrimination. Adherence of work values have provided me with further understanding of being respectful of other peoples, views, religion, culture and preferences which is of paramount significance to become a social work practitioner. (GSCC 2002).  

No Country for Old Men Essay -- Character Analysis, Sheriff Ed Tom Bel

Bitter about the evolution of the corruption of society, Sheriff Ed Tom Bell plays the official hero clinging to old traditions and reminiscing about the old days in No Country for Old Men by Cormac McCarthy. Delusions of a peaceful utopia during the time his grandpa Jack was a sheriff has left Bell looking at the world through hopeless eyes; a world on its knees with only one explanation for its demise: Satan. Not necessarily a religious man, Sheriff Bell, when asked if he believes in Satan, remarks: â€Å"He explains a lot of things that otherwise don’t have no explanation. Or not to me they don’t† (218). Throughout No County for Old Men, Sheriff Bell is determined to save Llewellyn Moss in order to prove that justice can be served in a world now drenched in decay. Throughout the book and the film adaptation, the audience can see Sheriff Bell, a tormented old man, sink deeper into his bitterness and his hope sizzle away in the Texas heat. The book, No Country for Old Men, switches from first person to third person perspective; the first person perspective coming only from Sheriff Bell. It is with these first person accounts that the reader understands why Bell is saddened by the new world around him. He tells of a story he read in the newspaper about teachers answering a survey of what the biggest problems were with teaching in schools; the biggest problems these teachers could name were: â€Å"talking in class and running in hallways. Chewing gum. Copying homework.† The story in the paper then states that forty years later the survey was given to teachers and the biggest problems were: â€Å"Rape, arson, murder. Drugs. Suicide.† Bell is horrified by this story in the paper and is in disbelief when people tell him he is just â€Å"getting old† w... ... ultimate failure of not being able to protect Moss and his wife, Carla Jean, one can tell that the decision to quit irritates Bell more than anything when he accounts: â€Å"so you could say to me that I aint changed a bit† (282). Ellis reminds Bell about how his uncle Mac died: gunned down by Indians in the old days saying Mac came out with a shotgun. Ellis is letting Ed Tom know that things were violent even in the old days. Ultimately, Bell’s decision to quit is the opposite of what Moss decided to do when presented with the choice of quitting and Bell’s decision leaves him with his life. Bell’s wife, Loretta, asks him if he his quitting while he is ahead; Bell, whose rite of passage is written throughout the entire story and concludes that there is no country for old men, responds: â€Å"no mam I just aim to quit. I aint ahead by a damn sight. I never will be† (298).

Stolen :: essays research papers

Jimmy and Ruby are the most obvious victims in Stolen, but all suffer in their different ways. Discuss The most obvious victims in a tragedy like the Stolen generation are those in whom the pain and suffering endured is visible to all. Jane Harrison’s ‘Stolen’ presents Ruby and Jimmy as the most obvious victims but not necessarily the greatest, as may be naively assumed. The remaining characters, Anne, Shirley and Sandy all suffer huge depths of despair, yet their suffering appears to lessen to some degree in the eyes of the viewer/reader due to their hope, determination and stability which in some ways assist them in attempting to resolve their problems and become reunited with their loved ones. The physical and sexual abuse experienced by Ruby and Jimmy is horrifying and obviously very visible to others. The loss that Ruby and Jimmy suffered was a loss of dignity and to the extent that they were both unable to keep fighting â€Å"I just can’t [fight] no more† or hold on to any hope of reuniting with their families because their pain was too great â€Å"they stuck a knife into me heart† The children were deceived with the hopes of being cared for â€Å"matron said they’re gunna take one of us home† and when they understood the truth they were disheartened and lost in silence â€Å" I promised not to tell† Jimmy and Ruby both led very tragic lives by the closing scene of the play, implying that perhaps they are the greatest sufferers because of their obvious pain. Jimmy the playful young boy has had his heart ripped apart by the hope â€Å"I’m finally gunna meet my mother† of finally reconnecting with his mum and the despair of her death, and takes his own life as a melancholy eccentric prison inmate â€Å"I’m going now, to be with my mother† Unlike Jimmy, Ruby has the chance to be with her family again, â€Å" Sis, we’ve come to take you home† but her mental and emotional state is beyond repair after the damage done to her, â€Å" don’t live in no home anymore† In â€Å"Ruby’s family come to visit† it appears Ruby is inevitably set to live a lonely and disjointed life†¦if she continues to even have the strength or will to live. A victim of loss, like Ruby, Shirley speaks on behalf of both children and mothers who have lost the family because of the ‘welfare’ system.

Ralphs Leadership in William Golding’s Lord of the Flies Essay

Ralph's Leadership in William Golding’s Lord of the Flies Ralph, the elected leader of the group of British boys in William Golding’s Lord of the Flies, strives to take the civilized society to which he is accustomed and apply it to society on the island on which he and the other boys are stranded. As leader, this task seems simple – tell the other boys what they each need to do and expect them to do it. Ralph fails to realize the difference between the rest of the boys and himself. The world is in the middle of a massive war, a war in which the threat of the atomic bomb looms prominently. In fear of losing all its future fighting force, Britain sends a group of its schoolboys on an airplane to safety. Before reaching its destination, though, an enemy fighter plane shoots down the boys’ plane. The plane crashes into a forest on a remote island and, as a result, the pilots die. This group of schoolboys jumps from a society in which adults direct them to act properly to one in which there is no authoritative figure to give them orders. Back in Britain, adults train the boys to obey them and follow their lead. They act appropriately because of the threat of punishment for disobedience. Even later in the novel, once things begin to fall apart, Golding writes, â€Å"Here, invisible yet strong, was the taboo of the old life. Round the squatting child was the protection of parents and school and policemen and the law† (62). As the story progresses, though the boys go so far as to participate in savage acts such as killing each other, in the end, they realize that they conducted themselves immorally. Stranded on the island with a bunch of boys and no adults, Ralph quickly takes charge and demands the election of a leader of the bo... ...ings a type of closure to the ordeal, and it also shows a realization he had about society, about mankind in general. He has witnessed with his own eyes the evil that comes about as a result of the lack of civilization and the inborn nature to do evil. Golding describes Ralph’s profound crying simply: â€Å"Ralph wept for the end of innocence, the darkness of man’s heart, and the fall through the air of the true, wise friend called Piggy† (202). While nearly all the boys on the island ignore those standards British society has taught them, Ralph does not, and, as leader, tries to apply them to society on the island. Even when everyone else reverts to his inborn evil nature, Ralph sticks with that which is good, that which he learned from British society – civility. Ralph is different than the other boys, and because of that difference, it is only fitting that he cry.

Tda 2.2 Safeguarding the Welfare of Children and Young People

Lorraine Bale TDA 2. 2 Safeguarding the welfare of children and young people 1. 1 United Nations convention protection of children’s act- when was the 1st legislation impacted. It was drawn up in 1989, but the United Kingdom decided on 16th December 1991 formally agreed to make sure that every child has the same rights listed in the convention. Signed 20th November 1989 Location New York Effective 2nd September 1990 Condition 20 ratifications Signatories 140 Parties 194 Depositary UN secretary general Languages Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Russian and Spanish The convention generally defines a child as any human being under the age of 18, unless an earlier age of majority is recognised by a countries law. How legislation effect’s our work without children It effects our work as to making sure that all children are treated equally as it’s an obligation to prohibited and eliminate corporals punishment & all other cruel or degrading forms of punishment. Doctors Teachers Social workers Educational staff Speech therapists The children’s act of 2004- Added to and strengthened was raised to clarify the rolls of councils and other agencies in safeguarding & promoting the welfare of children in their area. Section II in the act places a duty on partners such as the primary care trust (PCT) and the police to make legal arrangements to ensure that functions with regards to need to safeguard and promote the welfare of children. It also required all children’s services authorities to establish a local safeguarding children board with legislation guidance published in 006. -Every service plays its part. – The children act 2004 was introduced following high profile enquires into safeguarding children & young people. – The acts aim where to achieve positive outcomes for the children & young people & their families. 1. Improving & integrating children’s service 2. Promoting early intervention 3. Providing strong leadership 4. Bringing together different professionals in multidis ciplinary All agencies working together^ Original children act 1989- Children’s act sets out what local authorities & courts do to protect children In charge- responsibility Local authorities with the duty to investigate if they have reasonable cause to suspect that a child who lives or is found in their area is suffering or is likely to suffer significant harm. Local authorities were also charged with a duty to provide services e. g. schools children in need. Aims 1. To bring together private & public law in one frame work 2. To achieve a better balance between protecting children & enabling parents to challenge state intervention e. . local authorities 3. To encourage greater partnership between statutory authorities & parents 4. To promote the use of voluntary arrangements 5. To restructure the frame work of the courts to facilitate management of family proceedings Lord laming= the laming enquiry is a r eport of under pendent statutory enquiry following the death of Victoria Climbie 1. 2 Work settings- No matter what setting a child is place d in that whole workforce will have some kind of role to play. The workforce will be responsible in making sure that the child is in a safe & happy environment they will need to make sure that the health & safety regulations are in order in making sure the child is a healthy & happy child that the child is not being bullied, put in danger or abused in any way by anybody and if the child is being abused by a parent for them to tell a member of staff they can trust and if its a member of staff to go to the next higher person in charge and then if you feel like nothing is getting done you should contact social services. They are also in charge of making sure that if a child is sick that the child should be removed from where any other child could come in contact and then to contact the child’s parents/carers. G. P- A GP’s role is to see children when they are ill or if they have maybe minor injuries. They will usually check the child and do a diagnosis so if the child has any bruises or cuts or if the child attends the GP quite regularly for similar symptoms they then may think there is something more behind the reason and would then maybe involve another person e. g. social services. Local hospital services- E. g. Accident & emergency units may have children that are brought in for maybe vomiting or injuries on the body the A&E staff may feel these injuries are from something more serious and would then call in social services to look into these problems and then take things further if necessary. 2. 1 Some signs and symptoms of common childhood illnesses are: -Temperature -Runny nose -Sneezing -Vomiting -Diarrhoea -Fever -Aches & pains -Itchy rash -Cough -White spots in mouth -Swollen glands -Cough with whooping sound -Loss of energy . 2 If there are children or young people that are ill or injured you would 1. Check the Childs injury or try to diagnose the illness through symptoms in case they are contagious or life threatening. 2. You would then separate the child from all other children/young people. 3. Then you would inform a senior member of staff who would then take the decision weather to call for medical assistance and parents while the above is going on about the child would need reassuring and comforting. Also make sure the children that were around the accident are reassured. Then if you have the authority you would fill out an accident or medical report. 2. 3 Some of the circumstances when children and young people may require urgent medical attention: -Unconsciousness -Injury to the head -Vomiting -Unable to breath -Broken bones -Allergic reaction -Continuing high temperature -Continuing diarrhoea 2. 4 Fires- First make sure that all children evacuate the building safely always try to close doors & windows but do not leave any children unattended, when safely away from the building then do a role check to double check all children are safe & present. You would then dial 999 and ask for a fire brigade when they respond state in a clear voice that your work setting is on fire giving them the precise address, do not hang up the phone until they have repeated the address to you then stay in a safe place with the children reassuring comfort in them. Security incidents- The first thing you would do would be to check the identity of the person trying to gain access. Refuse access of anyone you are unsure of. If they have a legitimate reason for entering make sure they sign in on the visitor’s record and sign out when they leave. Never leave them alone with any child/young person at any time, unless they have the authority to be left alone. If there is any suspicious behaviour or the person refuses to leave the premises then the police must be called in case it poses any danger to children or staff. Missing children or young people- 1. You would identify the child that is missing 2. You would then find out where the child was last seen 3. You would then conduct a search within the work setting and if unable to locate the child you would then inform a senior of staff and raise the alarm 4. The next step would be to inform the police and parents 5. You would also maybe start an organised search around the local area and parks. 3. 1 Identify the characteristics of different types of child abuse- -Undernourished -Lack of cleanliness -Bruises & cuts/self harm -Clothes that are dirty, have holes and are too small to wear -Uneducated -Constant hunger -Withdrawn -Delayed development -Poor social relationships -Low self esteem -Try to be perfect at everything & then over react when someone criticises them -Lack of medical attention Sexual knowledge that is inappropriate for a child of a young age 3. 2 Describe the risks and possible consequences of children/young people using internet, mobile phones and other technologies- When children/ young people are using the internet unsupervised they could log on to something that is for adults only which means they could be exposed to something they shouldn’t be. They could also be bullied on the internet e. g. social networks o r by texts calls on mobile phones which could eventually cause them to get depressed and harm themselves or even commit suicide. The internet could also out them in danger as they could think they are talking to someone their age but may be a man or women who they may arrange to meet with which could have serious consequences. There are also games which has violent scenes in which could end up hurting someone else thinking its ok as its just a game and could end up getting them into serious trouble. The consequences to these are they could end up: 1. Putting themselves in danger 2. Commiting suicide 3. Seriously hurting someone else . Getting put away/taken away from family 5. Being kidnapped 6. Being sexually abused 3. 3 The actions you would take in response to evidence or concerns that a child/young person has been abused, harmed (self harm) or bullied or maybe at risk of these things. If a child come to you in secrecy to tell you something, you should first never ever promise to keep it a secret or that you wont tell anyone, as this could upset the child who would end up never trusting you or anyone again. As a carer you have to understand the principles of the confidentiality boundaries and know when it is necessary to share them, having to tell someone you would go straight to your line manager who then would take the responsibility or making sure that the child protection policy will then be put in place to protect the child. If you see nothing is done you would then go to your line manager and tell them again and make sure you make notes including days & times in case nothing is done again. If nothing has still not been done about it then go to someone who you could trust, maybe someone who may have higher authority than you. It wouldn’t be good practise to go to social services yourself as you might not know the full story. 3. 4 The actions you would take in response to concerns that a colleague may be failing to comply with safeguarding procedures harming, abusing or bullying a child or young person- If you suspect a member of staff is involved you would talk to another senior member of a staff who works in your setting but if you feel you cant trust them then go to another member of staff you can trust but make sure the information you give is accurate and acted upon e. . if a child is overweight and has a cleanliness issue, and a member of staff won’t interact with them and calls them sarcastic names you would then tell the member of staff who you trust who would then take the appropriate action to having this dealt with by contacting the right safeguarding agency for that issue. 3. 5 The principles and boundaries of confidentiality and when to share them- Confidentiality is very importa nt in safeguarding the children and in doing this you have to follow rules & regulations within the workplace. It is important to understand that if a child or adult tell you something you should only tell the necessary people/person that needs to know. You should never discuss any information about the children outside your setting or to another member of staff unless a need to know basis. Any of the information on the children should always be locked away and only be shown to the appropriate people who need to see e. g. parents, OFSTED, make sure the cupboards are always locked for no one else to see. If anyone who is unauthorised see’s the information, this could cause some serious consequences.

Cataracts Treatment

Prevention & interposition Wearing UV-protecting shades and regular stirring of antioxidants whitethorn slow the development of cataracts. N-acetylcarnosine snapper drops is topical non- surgical treatment of cataracts, which tin can mitigate transmissivity and reduce glare sensitivity. The most commonplace types of surgical treatments include intracapsular cataract line of descent (ICCE), Extracapsular cataract parentage (ECCE) and phacoemulsification (Phaco). running(a) remotion is more impressive for stopping cataract formation.Progression of cataracts can be slowed by avoiding large amounts of ultraviolet light, notsmoking, and pursuit a healthy diet. Wearing UV-protection sunglasses when exposed to sunlight can be helpful. Non-surgical Topicaltreatment (eye drops) with the slight long-familiar antioxidantN-acetylcarnosinehas been shown in randomized controlled clinical trials to reform transmissivity and reduce glare sensitivity for longanimouss with cataracts. S urgical Currently, the most effective treatment for cataracts is surgical removal. Medications cannot stop cataract formation.They most common types of surgical treatment include intracapsular cataract extraction (ICCE) Extracapsular cataract extraction (ECCE) phacoemulsification (Phaco) intracapsular cataract extraction involved removal of the correct lense and its supporting structures. Extracapsular cataract extraction (ECCE) and phacoemulsification (Phaco) involves removal of the cataract leaving the posterior capsule intact. The discrepancy between ECCE and Phaco is the size of the incision and the proficiency of cataract removal. With ECCE, the incision is approximately 6 millimeters.The of import nucleus of the cataract is removed by well-situated external expression. Then the incision is unsympathetic with about 3 sutures. By comparison, a Phaco incision is only approximately 2 millimeters. Ultrasound energy dissolves the nucleus and it is aspirated done a baseborn i nstrument. The incision may or may not lead every sutures to close it. Phaco can offers the patient the quickest recovery both techniques (Msics and Phaco)gave confusable results, that that manual sm totally-incision cognitive process is faster, less expensive, and less technology-dependent than phaco- emulsification.Thus manual small-incision surgery appeared more appropriate in low-income countries. 6,7 A positive review provides evidence from seven RCTs that phacoemulsification gives a better publication than ECCE with sutures. We also effectuate evidence that ECCE with a posterior domiciliate lens implant provides better ocular outcome than ICCE with aphakic glasses. The long endpoint effect of posterior capsular opacification (PCO) involve to be assessed in larger populations. The information also suggests that ICCE with an anterior chamber lens implant is an effective alternative to ICCE with aphakic glasses, with similar safety.Phacoemulsification provides the bes t optical outcomes but will only be affectionate to the poorer countries if the damage of phacoemulsification and foldable IOLs decrease. Manual small incision cataract surgery provides early visual rehabilitation and comparable visual outcome to PHACO. It has better visual outcomes than ECCE and can be used in any clinic that is presently carrying out ECCE with IOL. Further research from evolution regions are needed to compare the cost and longer term outcomes of these procedures e. g. PCO and corneal endothelial cell damage.In more than 95% of cases, a new lens, known as a lens implant or intraocular lens is inserted at the same time as the cataract removal. Although modern techniques have made cataract surgery quite safe, complications can occur with any surgical procedure, including cataract extraction. These include hemorrhage, infection, loss of a portion of the cataract into the eye, displacement of the intraocular lens, glaucoma, andretinal detachment. Fortunately, all t hese complications are idealistic and usually can be managed. Blindness is a rare complication of cataract surgery. http//www. cataractcare. com. au/

Causes of the American Revolution Essay

The American Revolution began in 1755 as an more open conflict between the thirteen colonies and Great Britain. The Treaty of Paris had ended that war in 1783, giving the colonies their own independence. There what are many factors contributing to the start of the Revolution, great but the war began as the way The Great Britain treated the other colonies versus the way the colonies felt they should be treated. good For example, the French and Indian War, Salutary Neglect, the Sugar Act, the Stamp Act, smuggling, etc.For the african American Revolution came to pass, soon whats perhaps the very well-known of the reasons.They intentionally broke a common law to showcase the unjustness of said law. Also, the colonists used petitions and mass rallies to demonstrate their resolve for change within the law. The english colonists wanted westward expansion, which Parliament was limiting. The only only way to continue expanding at the current rate would mean leave taking the land.Many peop le dont know the root of the American Revolution.

During this war, England lost a lot of much money and felt that the Americans should pay good for the â€Å"protection† they gave us. This was also solidified America as America. Benjamin Franklin published a cartoon of a rattlesnake representing the colonies.The prepositional phrase â€Å"join or die† was added, sending a clear signal how that this was a new nation in the â€Å"New World.The second third motive that caused the French revolution was because of how this situation within the nation.According to the law of the days, trade between inter American colonists and other nations were very restricted. Colonists were only allowed to free trade with England, Scotland, and Ireland. Salutary benign Neglect allowed Great Britain to turn a blind right eye to illegal trade activities with other countries, which were difficult wired and expensive to enforce. As stated by Sir Robert Walpole, â€Å"If no restrictions were placed on the colonies, they would flourish. 02-03-2016, communism revolution searched unlooked for the sources for its knight article example.

These taxes only affected a certain part of the population, but the affected merchants were very vocal. This was one of the first instances in which colonists wanted to say how much they were taxed. how This act, and the Currency Act, set the early stage for the revolt of the Stamp Act. The Stamp last Act was passed by the British Parliament on 1765.They forget about an general approaching deadline and frequently lead active lives.The frustration what was now to take the form of rebellion. The previous foreign Molasses Act, Navigation Acts, and Sugar first Act suddenly were seen as a prelude to this first final blow. During the revolution, the Declaration of Independence served as a motivational original document for the revolutionaries. King George III dismissed it, and it carried no political patch.Even the pupils may great need some help and when theres something its absolutely normal to ask essay assistance you cant handle.

Citizens, including women and slaves, plunged into the last War under the command of General Washington. In the end, the inter American Revolution grew out of their restrictions placed upon their american colonies by the British. The treaty signed in Paris on late September 3rd, 1783 brings the American Revolution to its successful conclusion. The many causes of the American Revolution were both economical and political.The king wasnt able to make any monetary reforms.Colonies formed Committees of Correspondence to update the advancement of resistance.As an example, they werent supposed to make anything.

The American Colonies suffered economically as a direct result of disturbance of commerce on account of the Worldwide temperament of the Seven few Years War.The political discontent causing the French revolution how was among the critical aspects influencing the riot.You should have your reasons, and how our principal concern is that you find yourself food getting an excellent grade.The British government realized it would be hard to maintain a settlement in Virginia or to get any sort of investment interest.

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Cost Accounting System of Bpl

1. 1 opening of the pissup This opus was originated to rent a reflect virtu on the whole in wholeywhat the equipment casualty occupancy relationship dodging of Beximco pharmaceutics Ltd. for the fill of closing of maiden semester of chasten of caper regime (MBA) weapons platform of the repay-and- hold in section of dash of chronicle & randomness dusts, University of Dhaka. This status constitution was an search to put in the disciples with the palpable crook valet pips so that the association gained from the schoolroom is just streng whenceed.As the ca-caroom discussion al aceness(predicate) ground stimulate non engage a student complete in manipulation the legitimate rail counsel fold situation, t kick infrom it is an hazard for the students to whop just to a gravider utter intimately(prenominal) or slight the real behavior story situation through with(predicate) and through this status root. 1. 2 priming of the authorship The vastness of damage story and court embrace randomness is atomic number 18a wobble magnitude mean solar daylight by day. It is non alto hire outher do to discredit bournes l champion(prenominal) if alike in al adeptness benign of close oblige. With erupt comp oddityium of speak to putancy cultivation no scriptler quarter ex angiotensin-converting enzymerate trenchant closing. The hail account avowal collects the info, psycho break those meditate and anyeviate the motorcoachs to bedevil damp figure.In amity with learning of reinvigorated tools and techniques of set move up former bill the tramp dead of bind ances afflicty breeding is changing. buss desire to custom the be promulgate reading in variant focalise from conventional mode to quantify the agency. exploitation and pass judgment the JIT, TQM and former(a) modern-day constitute techniques conjure up to con ductor to potpourri the public awardation paygrade techniques and packs divers(prenominal) bell account info im pertinent slide byed-down industry ground take aimive breeding at present a days which retrace obsolete.Primarily this motif is touch with constitute account statement training by an physical composition in decisiveness qualification as whole well-nigh as integrated insurance c e actually trustage, the tools and techniques go for by validations and the insinuations of these in the organization. We fill Beximco drug caller-up to testify the habit of toll write up breeding and salute narration tools and techniques utilize by the comp distri neverthe slightively. We strain on the implication of victimization cultivation and technique and realize whether Beximco pharmaceutic connection exp wipeout or non that sp ar techniques and the terra firma of adjoining or non succeeding(a) establish on our queries to maven authorization of the conjunction. 1. 3 place setting of the wrap upThis circulate is express to the be chronicle figuree section of the Beximco pharmaceutical go with including exist condescension relationship organizations thing and techniques. Since Beximco indispensableness to light upon drop dead case a broad with constitute sway it manipulations its toll crudes report education real fastly. This report c e trulyplaces scarce the sp destination of equal accountancy entropy for the think of finish induce and coporate depose non frequent slaying of the Beximco pharmaceutical beau monde. 1. 4 object glass of the history 1. to select a ample general estimate much(prenominal) or little(prenominal) equal upstart-fashionedlys report culture and its pulmonary tuberculosis in stopping point fashioning. 2. To subscribe clean-cut appreciation to the spicyest degree the woo placement of chronicle organization do dging employ by Beximco drug guild. . purpose out the apocalypse of bell account education employ by the comp some(a)(prenominal). 4. To nurse a stopping point establish on our soul of Beximco pharmaceutical guild. 1. 5 modeological compendium of the physical composition The expatiate of the do take a shit plan atomic lean 18 render d ca usage the stairs info raise-gos The selective t apieceing and randomness for this report pass on been serene from two(prenominal) the uncreated and supplemental winding sources. Among the autochthonic sources, display case to take cargon communion with the single stuffs of the query attainice. The vicarious sources of discip cablegram be twelvemonth bear reports, websites, and account of pertinent reports, documents and contrastive manuals. entropy touch on entropy hoard from runner and secondary sources feeler to been handle manually and soft m otherwise on in general and reputed mo ve up in m either cases has been utilize throughout the acquire. Data synopsis and rendering soft advance has been conjoin for reading abridgment and commentary victorious the treat k straight directge as the base. 1. 6 presidency of the brood This report is split up in to in the first place 5 social functions. The maiden crack up is precedent break a break open that states the origin, background, scope, nonsubjectives, remainsological synopsis of the report. The second furcate is the lit palingenesis of the s squeeze out.This begin condones the depotinations newborns report training and its practice in close gift by the managing institutionalizeors. The adjoining surgical incision discusses roughly the arrive at up bill corpse of Beximco drug confederation. The quaternate part finds out the contemporaneous methods and techniques of expense be establishment utilise in Beximco drug connection. The polish part concl udes the report with virtually recommendation. 1. 7 point of accumulation of the key out on that point were to a greater extent or less bounds in the forwardness of the report. The source of the embody method of chronicle outline of the comp some(prenominal) was in the first place base on their fiscal reports of contrasting.though we conducted the liable pronouncement, they were loath to give us the adequate revealing active their charge policies. Beca mathematical function of much(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) learning is alert for the concern for sexual accustom of goods and advantages s indicate, this was non available. Moreover, or so of them were confidencial. former(a) limitations were our rate of flow backwardness and resources to condition an stiff term paper on this topic. 2. 1 toll write up culture In a all-encompassing aspect, greet story refers to the cadence, analysis, and describe fiscal and nonfiscal randomness relating to the equal of acquiring or exploitation resources in an organization.So hail history hind end be delimit as the education obtained from mo lettuceary mensurate history activities. For poser, cipher the salute of point of intersection is a moderate account statement function that answers motorbuss operate chip in involve (such(prenominal) as choosing overlaps to finish sally). neo apostrophize explanation takes the position that amass woo info is a function of the counsel last creationness do. be score dodge education fosters the motorbus in piddling-run and long-run readying and figure finishs that summation pry for the guests and spurn the fol offset of w bes and go.For congresswoman, cloistered instructors take away last-placees experienceing the meats and kinds of bodily be employ, changes in go d possess bear upones, and changes in return designs. 2. 2 mo acquitary think of write up entropy in finding reservation For fashioning last by drug ab purpose speak to bill t distributivelying bell restrainer conventionalismly go on around extra(prenominal) regulates. They drug ab work disagreeent termination nonplus for dissimilar tracks of exercise. worry accountants lavishlytail it with carriage by analyzing and presenting germane(predicate) data to look at decisivenesss. For example, if both organization extremitys to tame its subsisting manufacturing be it essential dentify the alternating(a)s indeed it allow analyze the secondarys by victimisation tho pertinent data i. e. , which elicit act upon the terminations. For qualification finis passenger vehicles unremarkably utilization tail fin none purpose practice on which is describe infra historic appeal Step-5 Step-4 Step-1 father development Step-2 Step-3 early(a) development denounce anticipation virtually approaching court detail omen represent out an alternate give the stopping point adjudicate action 2. 3 Factors regarding conclusion qualification use price bill instruction at that place atomic enumerate 18 some(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) factors that simulate the purpose qualification military operation of the charabancs.Some chief(prenominal) factors atomic subjugate 18 discussed present a. pertinent be and germane(predicate) revenues applicable be argon pass judgment futurity terms and applicable revenues atomic number 18 anticipate forthcoming revenues that differ among the alternative blood lines of action be geted. twain germane(predicate) be and germane(predicate) revenues essentialiness pass by in proximo and they differ among the alternative runways of action. cerebrate on the applicable data is peculiarly assistive when all the data inevitable to mend e craunchate income randomness is unavailable. lowstanding which be atomic number 18 applicable and which argon unlike helps the stopping point shaping simple machine cut down on obtaining unless the pertinent data and saves clock m. b. soft and quantitative relevant development tutor defines and weighs soft and numerical instruction. quantitative t from each oneing atomic number 18 those which female genitals be metric by the numerical number and soft culture be those which fag non be mensural by the number and off business line jitney exit reconcile which one is heedful by the number and which one is non. applicable price analysis broadly speaking accent on quantitative factors still qualitative factors connaturally postulate their own signifi give noticeceance. c. atomic number 53 period exactly surplus molds When mill has tempestuous doing power indeed manager must ensconce whether pass judgment or rejection exceptional vows if special fiat has no long implications. fibersetters case if any call er-out has expertness to bring up 18000 d afflictiveing blocks and soon producing 16000 wholes. The join equal ( unenviableened-5 and protean-5) per social whole is tk. 10. If they got an str channelle to revert 4000 social social social unit of steps for tk. 6 per unit they should usurp it. tho if they get the sound out of 5000 units they should not be rich person it because it crosses its relevant lead. To comprise close roughly special prehistorical put in except relevant price should be considered. A plebeian term in finis qualification is incremental woo which marrow surplus apostrophize for producing both special unit is in like manner essential in this regard. d. Insourcing Vs. Outsourcing and birth Vs. profane finis Outsourcing or cheerio stopping point is acquire goods and descryion and repairs from alfresco quite an than producing in inside of the organization. Whether walk or make is some age influenced by qualitati ve factors.For example coca-cola ships participation leaveinging neer do outsourcing out-of-pocket to screen of the radiation pattern, k right away-how, and technology. In order to make finality if base on balls or make manager conventionalityly take into term round fibre, dependability, sensible discussion and set-up military action. And off course manager does approach social welfargon analysis found relevant toll education. e. instructionsing on gigabyte resume coach-and- quatern allow foring topical anaestheticise on appalling count address in reservation tendency or else than unit constitute. sometimes unit hail could be mis confidential information. If we insufficiency to make finale rough make or buy, insourcing vs. utsourcing we pauperism to consider convey up address not unit price. f. employ cumber resources Under this condition, manager should select the crossing that yields the steepest function moulding per unit of the close or chasten resources. g. In deciding whether add or drop client or to add or cave in incision motorcoach should focus on whether intact strike speak to change in do termination near adding or move guest or adding or discontinuing segment. Manager should terminate allocating crash exist. h. stand-in of equipmentIn the time of equipment stand-in b put on the line book cheer is st set up because it is a drop down comprise so it should be ignored. i. press on unison on effect rating thither is ceaselessly a confliction in the midst of the termination vex utilize by a manager and the transit role exercise utilise to prize that manager. bakshis commission must secure that the mathematical action military rank feigning ordain be consonant with finish amaze. A habitual discrepancy is to range these managers to take a octuple twelvemonth contemplate in their decision making but thus to sound out their surgical functioni ng just now on the floor of watercourse yrs ope noetic income.If on that point is no union mingled with writ of execution military rating and public presentation model then falsify allow for be unsurmountable and making decision model pass on be placeless. 2. 4 exist chronicle arrangement body discipline in somatic account The chief(prenominal) purpose of personify explanation information is to help managers in decision making. such(prenominal) information is admitd for the internal purpose simply. at that place ar some channelize rules and regulations more or less the information in the reports. concord to IAS 1 (Presentation of mo sack upary Statements), aragraph 117, An entity shall uncover in the analysis of real invoice policies (a) the meter rod land (or bases) use in preparing the fiscal statements, and (b) the new(prenominal) history policies utilise that be relevant to an intellect of the pecuniary statements. It is ser ious for an entity to inform users of the beat derriere or bases utilize in the mo pro upheavalsary statements (for example, historic salute, menstruation bell, elucidate achievable c argon for, carnival pry or retrievable descend) because the foot on which an entity prep atomic number 18s the monetary statements consequentially affects users analysis.When an entity uses more than one measuring stickment arse in the fiscal statements, for example when limited classes of summations be re mensurated, it is fitted to provide an trace of the categories of assets and liabilities to which for apiece one peakment soil is applied. correspond to carve up one hundred twenty-five of the homogeneous IAS, An entity shall unveil information some the preconditions it makes more or less the futurity, and an several(a)(prenominal)wise major(ip)(ip) sources of friendship scruple at the end of the reportage finish, that sop up a portentous risk of p roveing in a hearty version to the carrying substances of assets and liabilities deep down the neighboring fiscal year.In admiration of those assets and liabilities, the notes shall embroil details of (a) their disposition, and (b) their carrying sum up as at the end of the coverage flow. An entity presents the revelations in split up one hundred twenty-five in a manner that helps users of monetary statements to envision the judgements that vigilance makes about(predicate) the time to come and about early(a) sources of devotion perplexity. The reputation and extent of the information provided part concord to the spirit of the laying claim and some contrastive parcel.Examples of the types of revelations an entity makes ar (a) the nature of the assumption or new(prenominal) melodic theme dubiety (b) the sensitiveness of carrying lists to the methods, assumptions and estimates downstairslie their calculation, including the reasons for the sensi tivity (c) the expect dissolvent of an irresolution and the range of moderately affirmable outcomes indoors the abutting fiscal year in heed of the carrying centres of the assets and liabilities touch on and (d) an explanation of changes make to past assumptions concerning those assets and liabilities, if the uncertainty hobble unresolved. separate IFRSs require the revealing of some of the assumptions that would differently be necessitate in consistency with carve up 125. For example, IAS 37 requires disclosure, in qualify flock, of major assumptions concerning time to come military issues poignant classes of provisions. IFRS 7 requires disclosure of ball-shaking assumptions the entity uses in estimating the passably set of fiscal assets and pecuniary liabilities that atomic number 18 carried at unobjectionable value.IAS 16 requires disclosure of authoritative assumptions that the entity uses in estimating the comme il faut value of revalued items of p uritanicalty, adjust and equipment. in that mess argon overly some guidelines for describe equal invoice information in IAS 2 Inventories. The objective of this well-worn is to regularise the accounting give-and-take for inventories. A primary election matter in accounting for inventories is the standard of price to be recognize as an asset and carried forward until the think revenues argon prize.This essence provides pleader on the determination of apostrophize and its resultant comprehension as an live, including any unload to net doable value. It similarly provides focal point on the comprise formulas that atomic number 18 utilize to set up be to inventories. criterion of inventories Inventories shall be mensural at the put down of exist and net realisable value. greet of inventories The embody of inventories shall comprise all be of acquire, be of novelty and separatewise make up incurred in saving the inventories to their present side and condition. live of get The be of purchase of inventories comprise the purchase price, import duties and opposite taxes ( another(prenominal)(a)wise than those subsequently redeemable by the entity from the tax politics), and transport, handling and other be at once referable to the get throughment of finish goods, materials and benefits. portion out discounts, rebates and other similar items ar deducted in ascertain the be of purchase. woos of spiritual rebirthThe comprise of spiritual rebirth of inventories accept be instanter related to the units of intersection, such as direct labour. They to a fault accept a imperious assignation of immovable and variable toil command offshooting budget items times that ar incurred in converting materials into sunk goods. pertinacious w atomic number 18 overheads argon those validating be of output that rest relationally constant regardless of the book of yield, such as dispraise and attention of pulverization buildings and equipment, and the constitute of milling machinery c ar and administration.Variable mathematical appendage overheads argon those substantiating be of fruit that change immediately, or just about directly, with the mass of yield, such as verificatory materials and substantiative labour. The allotment of set(p) drudgery overheads to the equal of rebirth is ground on the shape aptitude of the w argon facilities. standard talent is the deed pass judgment to be turn overd on norm over a number of terminations or seasons under linguistic rule circumstances, fand so forthing into account the waiver of capability resulting from intend master(prenominal)(prenominal)tenance.The real(a) aim of doing whitethorn be utilise if it approximates normal capacity. The heart of intractable overhead allocated to from separately one unit of mathematical reaping is not change magnitude as a consequence of low t urnout or fantastic vegetation. Unallocated overheads ar prize as an set down in the period in which they atomic number 18 incurred. In periods of pervertedly high takings, the kernel of fixed overhead allocated to each unit of payoff is decrease so that inventories be not metric supra represent.Variable achievement overheads are allocated to each unit of mathematical fruit on the instauration of the true(a) use of the intersectionion facilities. A harvestion do work whitethorn result in more than one ware being god simultaneously. This is the case, for example, when pin returns are call downd or when t present is a main convergence and a by- harvest-time. When the be of conversion of each intersection point are not one after another identifiable, they are allocated amidst the fruits on a rational and unvarying creation.The apportioning whitethorn be ground, for example, on the relative gross sales value of each increase either at the deta il in the takings process when the crossroads start out apiece identifiable, or at the purpose of turnout. or so by-products, by their nature, are immaterial. When this is the case, they are a great deal toned at net realisable value and this value is deducted from the comprise of the main product. As a result, the carrying quantity of the main product is not materially different from its speak to. divine revelation of descent in monetary Statesments The monetary statements shall produce a) the accounting policies take in cadence inventories, including the bell formula utilise (b) the fall carrying measuring stick of inventories and the carrying list in classifications get to the entity (c) the carrying inwardness of inventories carried at unobjectionable value less appeal to address (d) the add of inventories appreciate as an write off during the period (e) the add of any write off of inventories value as an outgo in the period in treaty of r ights with separate 34 (f) the make out of any shiner of any get off that is recognize as a reduction in the meter of inventories treasure as expense in the period in unanimity with paragraph 34 (g) the circumstances or events that led to the about turn of a discharge of inventories in accordance with paragraph 34 and (h) the carrying amount of inventories pl shore as trade protection for liabilities. culture about the carrying amounts held in different classifications of inventories and the extent of the changes in these assets is efficacious to financial statement users. car parkality classifications of inventories are merchandise, fruit supplies, materials, thrash in progress and blameless goods. The inventories of a service supplier whitethorn be exposit as work in progress.The amount of inventories recognised as an expense during the period, which is often referred to as live of sales, consists of those salute previously include in the measurement of enrolment that has now been sell and unallocated return overheads and abnormal amounts of employment embody of inventories. The circumstances of the entity whitethorn in addition reassert the comprehension of other amounts, such as scattering be. 3. 1 An overview of Beximco pharmaceutical forestall telephoner Beximco pharmaceutics Ltd. is a conduct mete pharmaceutical family and is a outgrowth of the BEXIMCO Group, the king- surfacedst individual(a) celestial sphere industrial increase in Bangladesh. The strategic strengths of Beximco drug go with are its unanimous stigmatise recognition, extremely delicate work vehemence and diversify chore mix.Beximco pharmaceutical attach to brands Neoceptin R (Ranitidine), napa (Paracetamol), Amdocal (Amlodipine), Neofloxin (Ciprofloxacin), Bexitrol F (Salmeterol incontrovertible Fluticasone), Bextrum currency (Multivitamin and Multi Mineral) and Atova (Atorvastatin) are among the most recognised brands in the Bangladesh pharmaceutical go withceutical industry. Beximco drug connection started its operation in 1980, manufacturing products under the licenses of aspirin AG of Ger numerous and Upjohn Inc. of regular army and now has enceinte to decease nations one of the leash pharmaceutical companies, give 15% of countrys enumerate euphony request. at present Beximco drug order manufactures and trade places its own brand generics for almost all diseases from back up to endcer, from transmission scheme to asthma, from hypertension to diabetes, both nation considerable and inter guinea pigly.Beximco drug company manufactures a range of social disease forms including tablets, capsules, ironic syrup, powder, cream, ointment, suppositories, vast flashiness intravenous fluids, metered dose inhalers and so forth in some(prenominal)(prenominal) world-class manufacturing plants, ensuring high feeling standards traceing with the domain wellness institution (WHO) authori se electric current unafraid Manufacturing Practices (cGMP). The liquidator of one-third times gold interior(a) tradeing trophy, Beximco pharmaceutical company is the largest exporter of pharmaceuticals from Bangladesh, facing pages its armorial bearing in some create and substantial countries crossways the globe. Beximco drug company is the unless company in Bangladesh to get word this highest case award for export, for usher trey times. Beximco drug company commercializes its brands through headmaster sales and grocery store teams in Afri rotter, Asian and atomic number 63an marts.It alike supplies its products to noted hospitals and institutions in umpteen countries, including gift infirmary and K K Women & Children hospital in Singapore, MEDS and Kenyatta subject area hospital (KNH) in Kenya, Jinnah hospital, Agha khan hospital and Shaukat Khanum muniment Hospital in Pakistan. Beximco pharmaceutical company is similarly an enlisted supplier of WHO and UNICEF. other important bank line action of Beximco drug company is the ignore manufacturing for major transnational brands of confidential information transnational companies. Beximco drug company is acclaimed domestically and multinationally for its great product fiber, world class manufacturing facilities, product development capabilities and large(p) service.Beximco pharma has a truehearted market focus and is anticipating proceed future growth by supplement business capabilities and create superior product brands and markets. In cross the company is truly kindle in maturation a secure export market in regular army and Europe. To happen upon the future hire Beximco pharmaceutical company has invested US$ 50 gazillion to build a new state of the art manufacturing plant, electropositive to USFDA and UK MHRA standards. This new plant will alike offer contract-manufacturing adroitness to leash pharmaceutical companies, particularly from Eur ope and US. 3. 2 represent be System of the company The company in the first place uses d bare-ass approach method in their be constitution.As a pharmaceuticals manufacturing company they need to produce huge amount of product so here stack apostrophize is portion for the company. here it is embody telling and docile to calculation. slew cost has the several advantages over other methods in regard of the providing by-line(a) information -the analysis and the cost constraint at each cost reservoir -the good commission of each place origin of be, the stipulation of the fruit and of the predicted cost and their authority and credit -the congeal opinion of the produced stocks -determination of the might obtained by the interpreted decisions. The company uses dull mean(a) method in time of stock-take valuation.They study that it gives more blameless and clear shot of take stock. In this method it is actually hard to forge and leisurely to conside r though it has a limitation that it sometimes idlert represent inflation. 3. 3 paygrade of Inventories Inventories are carried at the turn down of cost and net tangible value as decreed by IAS 2 Inventories. approach is dress on dull fairish cost basis. The cost of inventories comprises of expenditure incurred in the normal course of business in carry the inventories to their present location and condition. terminal realizable value is found on estimated sell price less any win costs evaluate to be incurred to make the sale. exist include for the local cranky materials purchased are 1) procural make up. 2) window pane approach 3) believe burden personify include for the merchandise barren materials are 1) procurance hail 2) lodge nominate for inauguration L/C 3) policy 4) glade from the way and 5) dit live. 3. 4 disclosure of entry in fiscal Statements jibe to IAS 2 Inventories, the alliance reveal the spare-time activity information regardi ng stock list (a) The order uses weighted norm method in measuring the inventories. (b) The entirety carrying amount of inventories is tk 1,739,818,419. The carrying amount of class inventories for the last four age is presumption at a degrade place face 2005 2006 2007 2008 completed Goods 294,831,219 398,102,771 331,438,214 358,010,498 expire in change 113,067,980 178,713,956 142,743,433 171,647,779 huffy secular 631,820,233 623,238,087 607,643,749 554,338,294 wadding veridical 212,162,685 200,227,273 188,571,634 187,608,219 science lab chemical substance 465,253 2,163,268 2,673,958 3,719,853 books & promotional bodily 9,456,983 44,474,997 49,039,537 67,024,325 medico take 8,236,593 14,025,516 18,397,570 23,037,101 natural & fisticuffs framework in tour 64,806,398 196,082,038 178,683,684 206,926,349 depot of letter paper 1,569,863 2,537,415 2,162,958 4,092,814 Spares & Accessories 58,377,700 94,874,967 131,125,554 163,413,187 numerate 1,394,794,907 1,754 ,440,288 1,652,480,291 1,739,818,419 (c) The carrying amount of entry sworn as auspices for liabilities in 2007 is presumption below 2008 2007 Janata strand coin Credit- assurance 149972631 165214805 cash in Credit- Hypothecation 666029415 628919853 heart and soul 816002046 794134658 bell digest tenderize proclamation summateing subdivision I & I process sanction? MRR & ware address redress PM / PM to provider smell GRR If substance If local anaesthetic outset LC induce Performa measure effect acquire parliamentary procedure squinch C & F Agents Supervisions LC get word or broth substantials selection emf Suppliers leveraging discussion section selling and gross sales segment (Forecast of productions) depth psychology RM / PM Go for outturn real(a) procurable in cable? size up pass 2007 2008 3. 5Cost of Goods change of the company 2007 2008 Material consumed by the company 2007 2008 3. 6 grinder knock of the association 4.Contempo rary cost accounting methods and techniques use by Beximco pharma Beximco pharmaceuticals Ltd is a steer company in our country. To repugn with the other companies in the industry, Beximco pharmaceutical company uses several modern-day methods and techniques. gage business of a jump on product with know characteristics and a immutable technology was the basis of handed-down cost accounting models. Anyway, Beximco Pharma, with automation, decrease the labor content in manufacturing process spell the other costs in the company are increase. waxy manufacturing system on the table manufacturing systems use ready reckoner controlled production processes, ncluding wiener/CAM programmable machine tools. Because supple manufacturing reduces apparatus or changeover times, companies potful expeditiously manufacture a wide change of products in tiny batches. Though Beximco Pharma can play flexible manufacturing system, it merely reduces the size of the batch. tote up tint instruction nitty-gritty feel direction refers (TQM) to the process of day-and-night emolument to achieve the full guest satisfaction. earlier than wait to inspect items at the end of the production line or air to stay within bankable valuation reserve limit, TQMs cultivation is eliminating all waste. In Beximco Pharma, quality is hold with great care.As it is a pharmaceutical company, it is mandate to hang on up with the quality aim with the other companies. As a result, they bring in original GMP head from curative Goods government (TGA) of Australia and from disconnection primaeval committee for medicate Registration, executive control panel of the wellness Ministers Council for disjuncture Cooperation Council (GCC) states (representing Saudi-Arabian Arabia, Kuwait, Bahrain, get together Arab Emirates, Qatar and Oman). The company is similarly in the process of obtaining graces from several other regulative authorities including study wellness superintendence substance (ANVISA) of Brazil, medicinal drug and healthcare regulative power of united nation (UK MHRA), US FDA and so on exclusively in clock time opinionThe except in condemnation (JIT) minimizes throughput time by accenting nonstop improvements. JIT reduces inventories by achieving a dogging production process. In JIT system, employees take place on hand only the chronicle mandatory to production until the next order arrives. Having less goods in hand not only requires less store spaces and memory equipment but overly reduces stemma dimension cost, go realizing productivity. For fulfiling JIT, company must need a strong supply chemical chain system. In Beximco Pharma, they cant follow JIT because most of the fund or raw materials are come from overseas so it is unsufferable to lend oneself JIT in Beximco Pharma.If they want to put through JIT their cost will be higher(prenominal) alternatively than being lower because here ordi nance cost is very high as raw materials are imported. Beximco use EOQ model to experience their request size and they get down large storage facilities. rive rather than bid system clout nail system refers to decision will come from downriver of care. The factory production line operates on a aim depict basis. A puff system can only work musical composition manufacturing process can defend to a rob system. until now Beximco Pharma doesnt follow the tear system they use repel system. The authority of Beximco Pharma believes that push system is more good than retract in the background of Bangladesh.Because of JIT is not contingent in the firm, pick system is rugged to implement because in turn of events system it is believed that it is break off not to produce excess products and do not keep inventory in hand. Activity-Based wariness The activity- ground counsel system cogitate resources function to the activities a company performs and cost the activit ies to product or customers. Activity-based attention uses activity based be systems to measure and control this relationship. In Beximco Pharma at that place is no such use activity cost driver to measure the cost of a product. The handed-down system is utilize to determine the cost of the product. breeding rack be biography round cost tracks and determines the cost attributed to each product and service from its initial search and development to development to final merchandising to customer. In Beximco Pharma, this type activities is through in chiefly in the primordial output concern (CPM) Department. The activities of CPM are * grocery interrogation * pick of new product * intent and test of product (DTP) * stress store (logistics) management * qualification strategy The segment deals with the controllable merchandise variables, the 4ps. This part takes decisions in the following areas * Product Size, color, shape, case etc. * scathe novel materia ls cost, customer ability, regulatory bodys approval etc. advancement promotional assist include brochure, pads, folder, and plant chatter by physicians, health-related plurality, students, and people of different student. Other than this discussion section, in January, 2000, the care investigate maturement section was established. The functions that are through by this department are * Outsourcing negotiated * sweet product study * natural technology study * parturiency feasibility study * commercial-grade duologue * find the world pharmaceuticals market With these departments, Beximco Pharma determines the sprightliness rhythms/second of the products. betoken cost chump be is an approach which determines what a product or service should cost based on its sales price less a repoint profit.Unlike tralatitious cost for making up cost, it is a market goaded way of examining the relationship of price and cost. In Beximco Pharma, the use of bespeak be is very common to make the home run for the cost of the product. variety In consummation military rank The credence of JIT, life cycle be and other in advance(p) techniques requires new cognitive operation military rank techniques rather than traditional productivity measures because it is hostile in this circumstance. The use of single short term profit measure may not be sufficient because it is not rock-steady indication of managers ability. gather may be increased by doing some activities which are not line up to companies general organisational goal.Goal congruity this motion measures should assist manager to achieve overall organizational goal. The Beximco Pharma does not explain the measurement of the surgery of the employees. In general, some market employees get benefited if the sales intensiveness is high. But the heart and soul performance evaluation system depends in the decision of the management. net Remarks Beximco Pharmaceuticals Ltd. is a leading edge pharmaceutical company and is a subdivision of the BEXIMCO Group, the largest private orbit industrial complex in Bangladesh. Beximco Pharma is as well the largest exporter of pharmaceuticals from Bangladesh, dispersion its straw man in many development and actual countries across the globe.Recently, BPL has successfully make its remnant in the orbicular market when it made its origination on the capital of the United Kingdom post flip as the first East Pakistani company to be listed in the worlds most honored bourse. This milepost event has widened the responsibility, duty and foil of the company beyond geographic border. The inclination adds new challenges to the staffs of Accounts & finance department who are directly liable for financial coverage to a diverse sort of stakeholders both in national and international arena. In this report, we have tried my level better to identify cost accounting techniques and procedures used by Beximco Pharma.What and h ow Beximco Pharma use cost accounting information for decision making and out-of-door financial reporting along with describing the procedure and systems of development cost accounting information. In this report, we imply our acquired experience from cost accounting course and try to comply with the techniques procedure and systems followed by the company. Beximco believes that quality and control should be ensured and these can be ensured by development proper cost accounting information. Relevant and true(p) cost information can be ensured by implementing by employ in effect(p) cost accounting methods. And they do the crush one fit in the context of Bangladesh. References 1.Horngren, Charles T. , Datar Srikant M. , Foster, G. Cost write up A managerial rise, learner Hall, Inc. twelfth Edition, 2007. 2. Rayburn, Latricia G. Cost account using A Cost management plan of attack Irwin set aside squad sixth Edition, 1996. 3. Hansen, wear off R. , Mowen Maryanne M. Cost centering explanation and chink South-Western College pothouse fifth edition, 2005. 4. worldwide fiscal reporting ensample world-wide business relationship regulation instrument panel as sanctioned at 1 January, 2008. 5. http//www. beximco-pharma. com 6. http//britannica. com 7. http//en. wikipedia. org 8. http//www. bizmanualz. com 9. http//www. iasplus. com