Barriers To Effective Communication In Nursing Nursing Essay

Barriers To Effective Communication In Nursing Nursing EssayA agree with replete(p) conversation skill is someone who re entirelyy listens to the tolerants, understands their problems and queries and answers in a way the endurings volition understand. Communication in nursing profession can be a complicated process, and the possibility of sending or receiving haywire messages frequently exists. It is most-valu suitable to know the key components of the dialogue process, how to improve the nursing skills and the potential problems that exist with errors in communication. In this case, we discipline a guard as an example. A harbor who can explain in a simple manner to a sorry man why a particular diet is actually useful to get s wellhead up soon, is said to have good communication skills. Both literal and non-verbal communication plays a in truth grand role in communication in nursing.For most endurings, the nurse becomes the primary contact in the medical world. The nurse serves as the liaison between get and patient. She must understand the doctors instructions and the patients concerns. Her communications skills focus on both giving and receiving information as well as creating an environment of confidence.The relationship between nurse and patient should be a therapeutic nurse-patient relationship. According to Pullen and Matthias (2010), a therapeutic nurse-patient relationship is defined as a helping relationship that is based on mutual trust and respect, the nurturing of faith and hope, being sensitive to self and others, and assisting with the gratification of your patients physical, emotional, and spiritual engages by dint of your knowledge and skill. In other words, a therapeutic nurse-patient relationship focuses mainly on the patient.Today, it is sad to say that in that location be many nurses who fail to kitchen stove the importance of good communication between the nurses and the patients and therapeutic nurse-patient relat ionship. They neglect their duty to keep the needs of the patients as their first priority.Poor communication is dangerous as misunderstandings can race to misdiagnosis and even medication errors.This ara is to a fault one of the main sources of complaints made to the health service ombudsman every year and some mean that a separate module for communication should be utilise in nursing nurture instead of being subsumed into the general curriculum.The barriers to good communication skills atomic number 18 many and include time pressures (nurses atomic number 18 so busy ad may non be equal to get time to sit and twaddle with patients) lack of privacy skills mix on the wards can mean there is a shortage of qualified nurses who are available to sing to patients lack of training and opposite languages.There are withal several useful things to remember in having good communication including being prepared and know what you are exhalation to say having the right information to give when patients remove questions maintain eye contact and observe the patients body language listen properly pick up on the non-verbal signs as well as the verbal ones avoid the use of medical jargon and in cases of breaking bad news, be emotionally prepared, fork up to find the right environment, and be sensitive, honest and compassionate.In this assignment, however, I will only discuss on factors that backsheesh to silly communication in nursing. inquiry Problem1. Problem StatementThe problem statement for this research is To determine the factors that lead to forgetful communication skills in nursing.Poor communication skills in nurses are a major problem today and can be widely seen in most hospitals and clinics. There are many cases where the nurses speak rudely to the patient and ignore any questions asked by them. They are more concerned with their own welfare than that of the patient and many nurses hesitate and tactual sensation embarrassed to ask questions when there are things they do not understand. Their ignorance and vile communication skills can be collectable to several factors such as emotional latent hostility, language barriers, over blend ining, vexation and knowledge or experience gaps.This problem of poor communication, if it is not dealt with at its earlier stage may lead to the destruction of the delicate relationship between the patients and the nurses. The patient will no longer trust the nurses and this may not only give a bad name to the nurses but likewise to the hospital.I hope that, when the root of this poor communication in nurses has been identified, we can take immediate action to correct and improve the current communication between the nurses and the patients.In this research, our stage setting is within the Miri General Hospital. The nurses in the hospital act as a mediator between the doctor and the patients. Nurses are the group of hospital staff that are the eligible to explain any queries of the pat ients and give comfort to patients. This is the main rationality why good communication skill is a compulsory trait that all nurses must possess.It is from this research that I hope, we will get a better understanding of the cause of poor communication in nurses and from there, and we will be able to take necessary steps to overcome this problem.2. Research Objectives(a) To understand the importance of good communication skills in nursing.The best relationship between a nurse and her patient is the therapeutic nurse-patient relationship. Therapeutic nurse-patient relationships are based on mutual trust, nurturing, and sensitivity to the patients needs. In this research, we wished to determine why good communication is very important in the nursing field. What are the advantages of good communication in nursing and what are the drawbacks of poor communication in this field.(b) To determine if overworking is the cause of poor communication in nursing.Nurses today have more responsibi lities compared to nurses of previous times. Today, nurses not only are responsible for the welfare of their patients but their paperwork load has increased. Nurses in like manner need to ensure the cleanliness of the ward especially if the housekeeping staffs are not around. They need to be able to fix the machineries if the technicians are not available. All these additional responsibilities lead to the overworking of nurses and thus leads to them not having the time to communicate and interact well with the patients.(c) To determine if shortage of nurses is the cause of poor communication in nursing.With each passing game year, there are more purify patients that require a lot of time and attention from the nurses. But due to lack of nurses, there is only very limited things a nurse can do for each patient. The nurse allocates a very short while to face her patients, not having time to talk or listen to the patients questions or doubts. This will make the patient feel neglect ed and unattended to. This high nurse to patient ratio may as well be a reason that contributes to the poor communication between nurses and patients and also degradation of therapeutic nurse-patient relationship.(d) To determine whether language barrier is leading to poor communication in nursing.Language plays an important role in communication. The inability to understand a language can lead to misunderstanding and miscommunication, worst still, misdiagnosis. In nursing, it is very important that the nurse should understand what the patient tries to beam to them and vice versa. If both the nurses and the patients cannot understand each other due to use of divers(prenominal) language, it will lead to many problems and misunderstandings. Language may also be a factor that leads to poor communication in nursing.(e) To determine if fear is one of the contribution to poor communication in nursing. star common reason for poor communication is that it has to do with anursehaving alac k of comfort or fear in communicating with another nurse or doctor. These type of issues usually occurswhen a nurse feels threatened by a co-worker, fears the possibility of making a mistake and doesnt say anything to avoid judgement orlacks confidence in her abilities as a competent nurse.(f) To determine if education and experience gaps leads to poor communication in nursing.An education or experience gap can occur when a less educated/experienced nurse works with another senior(a) nurse whois muchmore educated and/or experienced and the third-year nurse has trouble understanding the concepts, procedures and/or medical terminology used by the more experienced nurse. These types of gaps can lead to confusion, misinterpretation, inaction and errors due to the inability to communicate effectivelyand fully understandwhat is beingcommunicated.(g) To determine whether emotional stress leads to poor communication in nursing.Nurses who are experiencing a lot of emotional stress or a trau ma may have trouble charge or expressing or communicating their feelings, perceptions, beliefsand attitude towards certain situations. This can lead to mistakes being made and/or reduce the amount of attention they are able to put towards their work, patients and co workers.3. Hypothesis/ Research QuestionsI have come to believe that modern day nurse-patient relationship is undergoing serious strain due to poor communication between the nurses and the patients. There are several factors that might contribute to this problem.Firstly, the modern nurses are being overworked, causing them to lack in their communication skills. When nurses work longshifts forextended periods of time it can cause fatigue, which lowers their focus, effectiveness and ability to communicate effectively with patients and staff. Today, nurses must spend an inordinate amount of time completing redundant documentation in several different places, hunting for supplies, wearing multiple hats and performing othe r tasks. For instance, if the need for a cleanup arises and the housekeeping staffs are not present, nursing staff must address it. If the remote control is not functioning properly and the maintenance staffs are nowhere to be found, the nurse is usually the person who must try to resolve the issue.The next reason is due to shortage of nurses. Every year there are more sick patients that require much of the nurses time. This leaves them with very limited time with other patients. The nurses may be doing their job but they fail to form a relationship with the patients. We take for example,a nurse approaching the bedside to empty a patients indwelling urinary catheter. As she approached she didnt make any eye contact and duly went about empty the catheter, recorded the details on his fluid balance chart and walked away. At no time during the procedure did she speak. This example shows how essential communication skills are when feel for for patients. Had he wanted to ask a question, the opportunity was lost. At this time, it would have been a good opportunity to take a look at the patient and perhaps ask how he was feeling. Poor non verbal communication also leads to poor nurse-patient communication.Poor communication also occurs when the nurse and patient speak different first languages. Idioms and frames of reference can carry shades of meaning in one language that may not exist in another. Mispronunciation or incorrect signing may be misleading to the nurse or patient, causing the patient to lose his trust on the nurse. This problem usually occurs among the elderly patients and also the foreign patients. Due to the difference in language, both the nurses and the patients fail to convey each message to another. Especially in Malaysia, a country full of different races and languages, it is impossible for the nurses to be able to understand and speak all these different languages. There are also some patients, especially those who live in the interiors they ar e not able to speak the national language but only their one native language. This phenomenon also leads to poor communication skills.Poor communication also tends to evolve out of the take aim of reason within hospitals. The presence of hierarchies in hospitals tends to increase the likelihood of poor communication developing at some level or another within the vertical power structure. The main cause of this communication failure is due to fear but hierarchical organization of power in hospitals is not a bad thing-it just means that it can lead to poor communication to develop discrimination within the medical hierarchy. One of these places is between physicians and nurses. Nurses frequently hesitate from asking physicians potentially obvious or unimportant questions. As both physicians and nurses are very much involved in the care and support of patients, major communication breakdown between them could lead into serious medical difficulties for their patients. For example when a physician instructs a nurse to convey important medical information to patients but the nurse does not fully understand the information and due to fear, she does not ask for further explanation from the doctor and gives the wrong information to the patient. Poor communication between physicians and nurses also often develop when physicians fully rely on written orders to convey instructions to nurses. They will write important details into patients medical files- including crucial instructions for nurses, for example when to administer a particular treatment. If nurses happen to miss checking patients medical files, they will also miss the important instructions that were written in them. Although this raises the crucial question of why doctors continue to use this indirect mode of communication to the extent they do, and nurses dont goal to it, does not suggest that written communication should be prohibited, but that written communication is a poor substitute for direct verbal communication. One reason why written communication remains is that nurses fear questioning what they might consider to be a standard practice among all doctors. Here once more it can be seen that the reluctance to question the practices of superiors may lead to a communication breakdown-or, more seriously, to a complete communication failure.As nurses usually feel inferior to the physician in charge, so do junior nurses feel inferior to the senior or more experienced nurses. The younger nurses hesitate to ask questions to the senior nurses in fear of being labelled as not well educated. Sometimes, the senior nurses explains a certain procedure or information to the junior nurses, but due to lack of experience, she may not fully understand it and hesitate to ask any questions after that. The senior nurses also take for grant that the junior nurses understand all that has been explained. Miscommunication as such is very dangerous as it will affect the patient.Nurses are the backbon e of any healthcare unit. The pressures of extra time and long working hours create a work leads to stress, which will affect the health of the nurses. All nurses have to do shift work or attend emergencies at night and this stress of shift work can also worsen the nurses health conditions leading to depression, low morale, and low motivation. Other factors such as long commuting hours and long traffic adds to their stress affect the employees efficiency and effectiveness. All these can affect the nurses relationship at home as well as on the job. Home stress contributes significantly to the stress faced by nurses. Their home life is disturbed due to night shifts, overtime, transportation problem, and difficulty in getting leave. They constantly worry about their children and their studies not being properly supervised. Nurses have to look after the home, cooking and cleaning as they cannot allow domestic help. This can have a negative influence on their physical and emotional heal th and lead to psychosomatic disorders. Psychosomatic illness is a disorder that affects the body and the mind. These illnesses have emotional origins causing physical symptoms. Some examples are acidity, anaemia, backache, and stiffness in the neck and shoulders. Sometimes, in the absence of doctors, nurses are on the front line and have to face verbal abuse from patients and relatives for issues that may not be directly connected to their work. Physical violence and aggressiveness is also on the rise in patients and their relations. Demanding patients and their relatives can cause conflict and lead to more stress. Another cause of stress is economic loss to the organization due to errors, wrong decisions, wrong choice, lack of attention, and injury. All these stress factors demotivate the nurses causing them to slack in their communication skills.ConclusionCommunication in nursing is specifically used to identify the nurse-patient relationship amongst other things some of the ways include translating, getting to know you and establishing trust to ensure the patient receives the best treatment (Fosbinder, 1994).In a place where an individuals healthand well-beingis largely determined by the level of cooperation amongstnursesand othermedical professionals who are assisting them, there are things that are more important thaneducation, training and open communication.Poor communication often leads to big mistakes such as prescribing the wrong medication, improper diagnosis of a patientailment or medical condition, administering the wrong treatment plans and in some cases even death of a patient due to misdiagnosis due to lack of communication.We also know that nurses and physicians are trained to communicate differently. Nurses learn to communicate by being descriptive, detailed, and narrative while physicians learn to summarize, diagnose, mend, and repair. This makes nurses the best mediator between the physician and the patient as nurses are taught to explain and give information in the most understandable manner to the patient.Communication is at the heart of these goals and patients are being encouraged to be more involved in their care. This can only be achieved if patients truly understand what is available and feel empowered to make those choices.Therefore, when talking to a patient next time, take time to reflect on how you think the consultation went and how it could be improved. Determine whether you use jargon or abbreviations that the patient might not understand, and more importantly did you find out if the patient understood what had been said.

Concepts of Customer Relationship Management (CRM)

Concepts of Customer Relationship Management (CRM)Happy clients tell 4 to 5 otherwises of their positive experience. Dissatisfied guests tell 9 to 12 how bad it was Quotes Mark Steven. This quote clearly states how important it is to satisfy and delight a customer in order to grow in business.Its a healthful kat oncen fact that business cant exist with knocked out(p) customers. In the business, its important to work closely with your customers to make sure your business is for them and meet their requirements. Beca recitation its critical that you make a close working relationship with your client, customer service is of vital importance. Make your customers feel valued, wanted and loved. Customer Relationship Management is combination of considerable deal, processes and applied science that seeks to understand a companys customerApple Company is one of the unequalled companies in todays market. I am taking this company organization to evaluate the opportunities to decl ar a nd increase revenue in their earlier stage.The Apple company was started in 1981and it went through several(prenominal) critical stages to become a unique company now a day.The company faced severe problems due to lack of customer relations and didnt meet the customers expectations as they advertised.The companys first introduced Lisa and Macintosh during 1981 to 1985, but failed to reach the people due to lack of customer relations.They didnt have clear idea what people were expecting and how much they can afford to buy a PC.During this period they introduced their pc with a high price and they didnt have a clue about the people expectations so their product became a failure and they were failing in other tasks due to inner battle with in the company.After learning the lesson they started to learn from the peoples expectations and started to work towards it like introducing Portable versions with networking capabilities and their master piece was SYSTEM 7. but again subsequently this they started to fail in customer relations like failure of proper service centres and even though they introduced several other products like cameras , CD players and other stuffs they failed to involve with the customers when their expectation was to get a Pc with a camera and CD function .But other companies like Microsoft evolved in customer relations and upgraded their products to the customers expectations as possible as they could.So there on orchard apple tree started to reinvent them what went wrong and they rectified it and moved to a unique company with profits from 1998 by keeping an alliance with other companies and even their rivals and started to evolve.They introduced apple store to have better customer relations, after this the company went on hike by evolving with the customer relations management.OBJECTIVECRM stands for Customer Relationship Management. It is a process or methodology used to learn much about customers needs and behaviors in order to develop stronger relationships with them. There atomic number 18 many technological components to CRM, but thinking about CRM in primarily technological terms is a mistake. The more useful way to think about CRM is as a process that will help bring together lots of pieces of information about customers, sales, trade effectiveness, responsiveness and market trends. CRM helps businesses use technology and human resources to gain insight into the behavior of customers and the value of those customers.KEY POINTS IN node RELATIONSHIP MANAGEMENTCUSTOMER SATISFACTIONBusiness term is a measure of how products and services supplied by a company meet or surpass customer expectation. It is seen as a key performance indicator within business and is part of the four perspectives of a Balanced Scorecard. If the apple had better cognition of customer expectations and heartfelt knowledge in customer relations they could have become a boffo company from the start. They thought that if they introduced a good product they can become successful but that responseed in vain.The CEO should have focused on the customer relation management also to gain knowledge from customers what people were expecting from themCUSTOMER dishonorCustomers will be back for more and new customers will be introduced by them if your service is good and satisfactory. This will help to distinguish you as unique from the rest. It allows you to sell your product or service for more money than the competition. It allows you to make more return on your investment. It allows you to reward your employees. The apple failed to introduce their product in cheaper price this resulted to loose customer from the start of the introduction of their product .even if the customers bought the product they faced problems in how to handle it and lack of parts for repairs they have to wait for a long time.Normally when a company is introducing a product the people wont expect to spend a huge amount in noncitizen product if the apple introduced their product in cheaper price with initial discounts and had better service centers they would have make well.CUSTOMER LOYALTYCustomer loyalty is viewed as the strength of the relationship between an individuals relative attitude and repeat patronage. The relationship is seen as mediated by social norms and situational factors. Cognitive, affective, and co native antecedents of relative attitude are identified as contributing to loyalty, along with motivational, perceptual, and behavioral consequences. Implications for research and for the management of loyalty are derived.The key to a successful business is a steady customer base. After all, successful businesses typically see 80 percent of their business come from 20 percent of their customers. Too many businesses dominate this loyal customer base in pursuit of new customers. However, since the cost to attract new customers is significantly more than to maintain your relationship with existing ones, your effor ts toward construct customer loyalty will certainly payoff.If the company is having a regular customer they should give some sort of discount in the new products for them .the apple failed to do so.If the company had looked after their regular customers by giving muster out in operation(p) system upgrade or discount in their New Operating systems they could have got new customers from the regular customers and retained their market in well shape. Some steps to get customers whether they are regular or new are listed below.10 WAYS TO BUILD CUSTOMER LOYALTYCommunicate. Whether it is an email newsletter, monthly flier, a reminder card for a tune up, or a holiday greeting card, reach out to your steady customers.Customer Service. Go the extra distance and meet customer needs. Train the staff to do the same. Customers remember universeness treated well.Employee allegiance. Loyalty works from the top down. If you are loyal to your employees, they will feel positively about their job s and pass that loyalty along to your customers.Employee Training. Train employees in the manner that you want them to interact with customers. Empower employees to make decisions that benefit the customer.Customer Incentives. Give customers a reason to return to your business. For instance, because children outgrow dress quickly, the owner of a childrens dress store might offer a card that makes the tenth dress half price. Likewise, a dentist may give a free cleaning to anyone who has seen him regularly for five eld.Product Awareness. Know what your steady patrons purchase and keep these items in stock. Add other products and/or services that accompany or compliment the products that your regular customers buy regularly. And make sure that your staff understands everything they can about your products.Reliability. If you say a purchase will arrive on Wednesday, yield it on Wednesday. Be reliable. If something goes wrong, let customers know immediately and compensate them for thei r inconvenience.Be Flexible. Try to solve customer problems or complaints to the best of your ability. Excuses such as Thats our policy will lose more customers then setting the store on fire.People over Technology. The harder it is for a customer to speak to a human being when he or she has a problem, the less likely it is that you will see that customer again.Know Their Names. Remember the theme song to the television show Cheers? depart to know the names of regular customers or at least recognize their faces.LOYALTY PERCENTAGEA mere 5 % increase in customer retention can result in a 75% increase in customer value according to Fred Reichheld, author of Loyalty Rules. A great reason to pay attention to loyalty. Here are more benefitsgrab more sales from existing customer basehelp spread expression of mouth marketingidentify product/service problems earlier break profitabilityprovide a competitive advantageDefining Customer LoyaltyCustomer loyalty is the practice of incuring, attracting, and retaining your customers who regularly purchase from you. Customer loyalty is not customer satisfaction. Customer satisfaction is the basic entry point of good business practices. Your small business should provide satisfaction to all your customers.CRM, despite all the talk about it being one of the most profitable customer strategies of the decade, still allows room for failure.Top 10 Features to Look for in a CRM SystemSales-cycle analysisIntegration to your back-office accounting systemOpen, industry-standard technologySeamless flow rate of information between corporate systems and remote employeesReal-time reporting and analysisAutomated workflowContact and campaign managementMultiple language and multicurrency capabilities to concur global businessAbility to easily customize your solution to fit your business needsScalability to accommodate future business growthWhat are the Problems come up within CRM?Exorbitant CostsOne of the problems with CRM is the huge investment needed to maintain a customer database. The additional expense comes because of the money needed for calculator hardware, software, personnel etc. The costs involved are enormous and most often than not the resultant ROI from the CRM implementation fail to cover the costs involved. This leads to a negative feeling within the company about CRM and its successes and eventually results in CRM collapse.Inadequate Focus on ObjectivesSecondly when starting off on a CRM strategy the objectives are clearly established and followed. Management and employees know fully well what is needed to work towards organizational goals. The goals themselves are clearly laid out after meticulous planning. However midway during the CRM implementation, when hard times hit, the organization loses sight of its goals and ultimately steers away from it. At times goals get interchanged and lose their importance. Companies find themselves work at home directory towards goals that are less important and forgetting the ones that really are. This is one of the fundamental and mostly felt problems in CRM.In enough ResourcesSometimes in phased implementation of CRM, if conditions worsen within the company or without, organizations start lessening their budgets for the current phase. When funds are less, budgets strained, the necessary costs required for CRM success are not employed. As a result CRM starts failing midway. The most important aspect- that of maintaining consistency is lost. Organizations fail to utilize the necessary resources for success and thus result in failure.Inappropriate MetricsOrganizations have basically failed to use the right metrics. Failure to choose the right method of measurement and implement it is one of the boss reasons why CRM fails. Different metrics have to be employed for the calculation of varied goals. Companies seldom pause to analyze which metric is needed for which element and ultimately use the wrong one. This results in faulty measurem ent and CRM disappointments.Complex SystemsCRM simple? The hype says so, the experts agree. Is this really the case? Organizations that have employed it though have a different opinion. They are witness to the fact that CRM packages can be highly complex, with vast amounts of intricacies. If this is the case then how do simple employees cope? The answer lies in sufficient training being given in order that they are able to comprehend and deal with the difficulties easily.Business Needs just about ImportantOne of the chief mistakes companies make is letting the technology drive their CRM functionality. Whats happening is that companies are endeavoring to go to the industry leaders, gain the technology needed and then apply it to the business problems just now to find that it isnt solving any of them. Instead they need to analyze their business problems first and then find the appropriate CRM solution for it. This backwards step is accountable for CRM failure.No Customer FocusCusto mer oriented strategy? Yes, CRM does play the part. Customer oriented employees? Now that requires an effort on the part of the organization. It needs to trigger off employees to be absolutely customer centric. This involves tremendous effort on the part of the company but is highly essential. CRM problems arise because of employee reluctance to be more customers focused. The result is a highly expensive customer strategy being adopted by the company in an effort to retain customers, with reluctant, unfocussed employees implementing it.Slow Returnsanother(prenominal) failure of CRM is its inability to provide quick returns on investment. Organizations find themselves waiting for years before they are able to see actual returns on their investment. Most experts view the low ROI (Return of Investment) as a major problem with CRM but fail to see that the long wait is just as difficult. Waiting for years to see their investments show results, tests patience and leads to both employees and management slackening their efforts in the implementation.The apple started to listen to customers expectations and kept on looking what they can do to improve their customer relations. So they introduced several ways and walk in centres and done what ever they could to satisfy the customer expectation like introducing IpadsIphone, Mac book and etc if they done these things from the start of the company they could have been a very successful companyOnce the apple rectified and reinvented by following the above key points by having direct relation ship with the customers the company will grow into a unique companyCONCLUSIONMost CRM problems can be mitigated, resolved and ultimately obliterated. What is highly required is the ability to focus on the business needs, choose a CRM package that works towards it, employ the right resources and assume the right metrics. Adopting these measures would go a long way in alleviating CRM problems. The world is ready for the business minded pe ople to move further with high aim and warm impudent ideas to make the world bloom to a lovely spotlight that feels happy to glitter with most obvious and LOVELY Customers.The apple gained their knowledge after several critical stages and gained lot of customers and when they started to look after them the company began to become a challenger and better name in the industry and with in the people

An Islamic Perspective On Human Resource Management Religion Essay

An Moslem Perspective On gay Resource centering holiness EssayHuman behavior is a direct function of positions. How an individual human subject would be need and react under certain specific fate would depend entirely on the outlook that his psyche wants him to view certain situation or event as. And herein feel the distinct contrasts between the twain most widely talked about perspectives- The Western Thought and The Muslim View.Relating the same funda handstals to a billet viewpoint, organizations manipulate themselves as per the legal, political and well-disposed de bournine of the particular country where they exist. The set and culture of countries which be western and those which argon Moslem differ. As a result the operations and human resources of business entities ar handled as the environmental fabric of that country suggests. Some authors know emphasized the universality and similarities between organizations (e.g. Cole, 1973 Form, 1979 Hickson et al., 1974 Kerr et al., 1952 Negandhi, 1979 1985), and some others the uniqueness of organizations tending(p) their cultural dateations (e.g. Hofstede, 1980 Laurent, 1983 Lincoln et al., 1981 Meyer and Rowan, 1977). Hofstede (1993) argued that a societys values ar among the most influential cultural differences. He studied national culture in sixty countries and identified five study dimensions that accounted for the sharpest differences among employees. These whitethorn be called individual-difference circumstanceors.* Lecturer, Department of Business Administration, AMU, Aligarh.** Lecturer, Department of Business Administration, AMU, Aligarh.*** Research Scholar, Department of Business Administration, AMU, Aligarh.However, as Tayeb (1988) argues, the two sides of the debate ar not mutually exclusive. Rather, they support whiz another. That is, certain aspects of organizations be more likely to be universal, such as shopfloor layout, hierarchical structure, division of functions, organizational process, information steering and some areas are more culture-specific, such as human resource management (HRM).HRM is a significant aspect of organizations which is most likely to be subject to cultural enamours. Human resource management practices reflect the Islamic values in the countries where Islam plays a dominant role. This paper deals with contrasting aspects of Islam which teach the management of the most significant resources of either organization- Human Resources. Two key issues which pass on be addressed are human resource management and the teachings of Islam highlighting the adroitness in which human resources should be dealt with. HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENTThe origin of HRM in novel organizations is a largely Western phenomenon that can be raced to the personnel management function (Burack and Smith,1977). The sluggish parting of federal agencys of personnel management and HRM culminated in a total separation when HRM, as a distinctive discipl ine, was introduced to their MBA curriculum by the Harvard group (Beer et al., 1984) and cabbage/Columbia group (Fombrun et al., 1984) in the USA in the early 1980s.Experience has shown that human resources are the most semiprecious as fit out of any business. It is more valuable than capital or equipment. Unfortunately, it is also the most wasted. People can be your biggest asset or your biggest liability (Khera, 1999). The scope for HRM varies across organizations. Walton and Lawrence (1985), for instance, identified four major areas of HRM policy reward systems, including compensation and benefits employee influence mechanisms such as participation blood design and create organization and employee selection and development. Generally the components of man designer supply are recruitment, selection, gentility, and performance judgment. The purpose of having a manpower plan is to have an accurate estimate of the number of employees required, with matching skill requirements to accomplish organization goals. recruitment is the process of locating and promoting potential applicants to apply for existing or an anticipated job openings (Sherman et.al., 1996). It could be through with(predicate) advertisement, troth exchange agencies or private employment agencies and present employees. The component selection can be defined as the process of offering jobs to one or more applicants from the applications. Great attention has to be paid to selection because it means establishing best fit between job requirements on the one hand, and the candidates qualification on the other (Monappa and Saiyadain, 1989). Different kinds of selection tests are achievement tests, aptitude tests, avocation tests, constitution tests and intelligence tests. After recruitment and selection, training provided to the employee focuses on improving skills, or to add to the existing level of noesis so that the employee is better equipt to do his present job, or to prepare him for higher responsibilities. In order to identify employee for salary increase and promotion, to determine training needs for further refinement of the skills of employee and to motivate them by informing them about their performance levels, performance appraisal technique is used. Appraisals are judgements of the characteristics, traits and performance of others. Techniques for performance appraisal includes confidential report, rating scales, ranking system, paired- comparison method, force- choice method, critical incident method, cost accounting method and forced distri exception method (Monappa and Saiyadain, 1989).HRM policies are more often than not decided by the companies senior managers, with or without consultation with their employees. But they are often adopted and implemented with some reference from the national context inside which the organizations operate (Tayeb, 1996). These include national culture, political ideology of the politics, the economic conditions, trade unions, and the legal system. In countries where the government and political environment is honest, generally one finds that the battalion are honest, law abiding and helpful. And the reverse is true too. In a impair environment, an honest person has a tough time. Whereas in an honest environment, the corrupt one has a tough time (Khera, 1999). Similarly, religions in many countries, with either secular or ghostly constitutions, have a certain degree of influence on the cultural characteristics of their people and their institutions. This influence is far more extensive and inclusive in the countries that stick with a pretending based on religious ideals, as illustrated in Figure 1.Figure 1Contextual Influence on HRMSource Adapted from Tayeb (1997)LITERATURE REVIEWNaeur Jabnoun (1994), in his book Islam and populaceagement says that the Islamic evolution has made tremendous and highly essential contri providedions in many areas of human life. In regards to management and at tractership, he presented several traits, as to how Islamic leaders should behave to deserve good followers. Omar Hasan Kasule, Sr. (1998) developed and wrote modules for training in leadership skills from Islamic perspective since he was motivated by the fact that leadership is an essential aspect for management. Islamic Management for Excellence Revitalizing People for the Future, a book written by Al- Habshi et al. (1994), explains the significance of a stalls family institution. Khaliq Ahmad (2002) explains the importance of Islamic ethics in business and management in his book Ethics in Business and Management Islamic and Mainstream Approaches. Muhammad Zafrullah Khan (1999) dialogue about human rights in the light of Islam in his book Islam and Human Rights.Chodhury (1989) presented Islam as a comprehensive way of life for its adherents. The spiritual and ethical reconstruction of individuals, societies and the world order are given in a socio- economic framework. Metwall y (1997) highlights the desire of many Muslim countries to turn to Islamic laws and teachings in modelling their way of life, including their economic behavior in Economic consequences of applying Islamic principles in Muslim Societies. This paper attempts to investigate the consequences of applying Islamic principles in Muslim societies. In Islamic revival meeting in Asia and Human Resource Management, Tayeb (1997) clearly describes the ethics and values to be followed at the workplace and how different Islamic countries are managing their employees. The purpose of the conceptual paper, incorporated Governance in Islamic Perspective by Chodhury and Hoque (2006) was to develop a discussion expounding the Islamic perspective of corporate governance as a special case of a broader decision- fashioning theory that uses the premise of Islamic socio-scientific epistemology. The end results of the conceptual framework of this paper on corporate governance are contrasted with the betterme nt to corporate governance in mainstream literature. Ali and Owaihan (2008) presented a coherent but critical treatment of Islamic work ethic in their article Islamic work ethic a critical review. They lay out Islamic work ethic has economicas easy as virtuous and companionable dimensions. In Problem solving an Islamic management approach, Fontaine (2008) presented a problem- solving model that incorporates Islamic values and concerns. He found out that the focus in the international business literature has been on the Quran alone and not on the verses of visionary Muhammad (s.a.w.).METHODOLOGYThis paper deals with the Islamic Perspective of Human Resource Management. Islam helps in teaching the various manners in which we can manage our most valuable assets effectively. This way a Muslim manager can not solitary(prenominal) deal ethically but can also please divinity (Allah). This paper is based on secondary data which has been collected from books, journals, newspapers, and internet. A conceptual framework has been developed describing the aspects of modern day HRM and HRM from Islamic perspective. The framework is presented in five broad categories- The message of Islam, Islam in different nations, Islam and Work, Islam and Managerial Dimensions, and Islam and HRM Practices.THE MESSAGE OF ISLAMIslam is an Arabic word, derived from the root which means some(prenominal) peace and submission. It thus connotes the attainment of peace, here and Hereafter, through submission to Allah, or, in other words, through conformity to His Will. A person who thus submits is a Muslim. In the Quran (the scripture of Islam), the appellation Muslim is applied to all the righteousness.For Muslims, Islam is not a man-made institution the Quran contains the words of God, revealed syllable by syllable to Mohammed some 1,400 geezerhood ago. The deeds of its adherents are therefore inseparable from divine commandments. Islam is generally viewed by some non-Muslims as being a fatalist religion. But the Quran specifically asserts that humans are able to choose and to intervene in their destiny, and that they are held responsible for the consequences of their deeds. However, they are not left alone to run their life. God has equipped them with the Quran and the traditions of Prophet Mohammed, which in Islamic view is one of the most important sources of guidance that humans can use to steer their actions and beliefs (Tayeb, 1997).Social valueAll values affecting man are based on the common concept that every human being is capable of achieving highest stage of virtuous and spiritual development and that his individualisedity essential be maintained. The Quran takes note of diversities of race, color, language, wealth, etc., which serve their own useful purpose in the social scheme, and describe them as Signs of God for those who hear and possess knowledge (3023). But none of these confers any privilege or imposes any disability. The Quran says God ha s divided mankind into tribes and nations for great facility of intercourse. Neither membership of a tribe nor citizenship of a state confers any privilege, nor are they sources of laurels. The true source of honor in the sight of God is the righteous life (4914). The prophet tell The best among you is who treats the members of his family best. With regard to servants, the Prophet said They are your cronys, and you should treat them as such. Provide them with the kind of clothes you wear, and if you set them a hard task, join them in it to help them complete it. The wages of the laborer must be paid to him before the sweat dries upon his body (Ibn Maja). young people are admonished to show due respect and consideration to older people, and older people are exhorted to treat younger people with kindness. The Prophet said He who does not behave kindly towards younger people and does not show due respect of Allah and His blessings. The Quran directs that one should greet his fello w beings with a better greeting than one receives oneself, or atleast return the same (487). Perhaps the most comprehensive dimensions within the domain of social values is Help one another in the righteousness and virtue but help not one another in sin and transgression (53). When the Prophet said on one occasion, Go to the help of your brother whether oppressor or oppressed, he was asked We know what is meant by going to the help of brother who is oppressed, but how shall we help a brother who is oppressor? The Prophet replied By restraining them from oppressing others (Bukhari II).Economic valueIn the economic sphere the basic concept of Islam is the basic ownership of everything belongs to God Alone (2108, 3190). Man is Gods vicegerent on earth. The objective of the Islamic economic system is to secure widest and most beneficent distribution of wealth through institutions set up by it and through moral exhortation. Wealth must remain in constant circulation among all sections of the community and should not become the monopoly of the rich (598). Islam recognizes the revolution of capacities and talents, which is in itself beneficent, and consequently the diversity in earnings and material rewards (433). It does not approve of a dead- level equality in the distribution of wealth, as that would defeat the very purpose of diversity, and would core to denying the favor of Allah (1672). It is obvious that if the incentive of the proportionate reward for labor, effort, skill and talent were to be removed, not only would initiative and enterprise be adversely affected, but intellectual progress would also be arrested. That is why the doctrine of equal reward irrespective of the diversity of skill, capacities and talents that have gone into the production of wealth has neer been maintained for long, even when it has been procl sharpened as State policy, and has had to be modified through recourse to various devices designed to secure diversity in reward. On the other hand, Islam does not leave the principle of competition and proportionate rewards to work itself out mechanically that too would lead to hardship and injustice and would retard the moral and spiritual development of individuals and of society as a whole (Khan, 1999).Another major provision is the prohibition against the making of loans on interest. The word used in this connection in Quran is riba, the connotation of which is not identical with that of the word interest as commonly understood but for the present purpose interest may be used as a rough equivalent. Riba is prohibited because it tends to draw wealth into the hands of a small circle and to restrict the class period of beneficence towards ones fellow beings (2281).ISLAM IN DIFFERENT NATIONSIn the Islamic republic of Iran, for instance, all social institutions mentioned above and many more, such as the educational establishments and their priorities, the media, the arts, the political structure, the army, and priv ate and public sector organizations, are all required to conform to Islamic values and instructions (Tayeb, 1997).An important point to note is that although Muslim nations have a great deal in common, there are also differences among them. And these differences can be observed in economic and business as well as social aspects of life. Saudi Arabia, for instance, adheres strictly to the Sacred law Sharia) in many spheres of life, while Turkey has turned to secular laws for the administration of its economic and social affairs. The position of women in society and socially acceptable codes of behavior for people in general, and in business life, are cases in point (Tayeb, 1997).In Malaysia, the government has been implementing an Islamization policy for some time now, according to which companies have to organize their activities and manage their employees in accordance with the Quranic teachings. The chief Minister of the State of Kelantan has taken this further The Economist, 1996 ).In Saudi Arabia women are not allowed to drive their own cars. As far aswork is concerned, they are barred from public office. As a result, they have turned to business and professions for employment. But here too they work under certain constraints. According to The Economist (1995) most women whoare active in private businesses (as owners) are in the retail trade in a shopping mall in Jeddah, eight out of 20 shops are owned and run by women and notices forbid men to enter the shops women run. Teaching is a profession open to women but it is difficult for them to apply for positions which are located outside their home towns. In this patriarchal society, women must have written permission from their husbands or fathers before they can travel.In Kazakhistan, now that the country is independent, its old, predominantly patriarchal culture, which lay dormant under the Soviet rule, is enjoying a revival, replacing the Russian Communist culture. As a result, the perception of the role of women in society and in the workplace is changing. In the short term at least it is unconnectedly that women go forth have the same opportunities as they had before (Pollard, 1994). Furthermore, the reviving Kazakh Islamic culture places a great emphasis on age and seniority and prescribes proper junior-senior relationships, stemming from its nomadic traditions (Rywkin, 1982). This could have repercussions for organizational issues such as hierarchy, authority structure, and promotion and compensation policies.Tayeb (1997) adds information regarding women in Iran who have to follow a strict Islamic dress code at work, and indeed elsewhere. Men and women remain separate in prayers, wedding ceremonies, public transport, etc. However, unlike Arab women in Saudi Arabia and the Persian Gulf states, Iranian women are doing well in many spheres of public life. Some 95 per cent of young girls go to primary school. Older girls get less chance of getting higher education, but the gap is closing. Girls are doing well in technical schools, colleges and universities. Women can go into most jobs and professions, and, unlike their Saudi counterparts, they can drive their cars and vote. They can stand for parliament and there are many women members of parliament.Latifi (1997), who closely observed a try out of Iranian managers at work over a period of time, discovered traces of Islamic values in Iranian managers Human Resource Management style. She found that Iranian employees viewed their managers as sympathetic brothers and sisters or compassionate fathers and mothers. In addition, this family-like relationship also includes social and teacher roles for the managers. They were frequently involved in the private lives and family matters of subordinates to ground them feel they are family.A survey of nine organizations was conducted in Malaysia by Endot (1995). The Prime Minister of Malaysia, Mahatir, initiated and implemented an Islamization processes in the country w hich aimed at infusing Islamic values throughout the society at all levels, from individual to institution. In pursuance of Islamic teachings one company offers its workers interest free loans for vehicle or home purchase, or for arrangements of wedding ceremony. Another company organizes Islamic study circles for managers where they can participate and get together once a week to discuss different aspects of teachings of Islam and socio- political issues with an intention to develop their Islamic personality. It also helps in creating cohesiveness of relationships and unity of thoughts on the issue discussed. One organization sends its employees on short courses in Islamic teachings with the main objective to make them understand Islam and its values. The process of selection for new recruits and their training are also influenced by the Islamization process. One organization recruits individuals who have graduated in Islamic studies. They are then exposed to techniques for modern management. Another recruits business-related graduates and then trains them on the Islamic aspects of their work. In all the firms in Endots study, the management made their subordinates understand and believe that they were accountable for their work not only to the organization, but to God (Allah), and that Islam consider their work as a form of fear of Allah.ISLAM AND WORKIslam is more a way of life than a mere religion. In a nutshell, it teaches how a believer has to oblige to the commitment to his faith. In the context of Islam and Work, it sheds light on the obligations of the worker towards his work in particular and his employer or employee in general. The more committed to his religion, the more committed he has to be to his work. Hence, as per the teachings of Islam- by working more dedicatedly as per the agreed terms of his employment, the employee justifies his earning and livelihood and at the same time stands out as a role model for the believers and non- believers alike.Sherif (1975) identified nobility, patience, self-discipline, good appearance, abstinence, resolve, sincerity, truthfulness, servitude and trust as major Islamic values. These could clearly have an impact on both management and productivity of employees.Islamic Values Related to WorkLatifi (1997) identified the following work-related characteristicsEquality before GodIndividual responsibility within a framework of co-operation with othersEmployees respect and honor should be prominentPrinciple of Equity to be followedFatalism but also a recognition of personal choiceConsultation at all levels of decision makingIn order to plan Human Resources on the lines of Islamic polish, the manipulations which are common in the modern business world must be avoided. The will of Allah and messages of Prophet Muhammad (s.a.w.) are to be followed by the managers if they want to be successful in both the worlds- Here and Hereafter. Below are the few areas discussed from Islamic perspective wh ich are to be taken divvy up of for an effective Human Resource Management.Characteristics of Good Managers from Islamic PerspectiveIn the modern world, business managers major aim is to earn profits. Sometimes they forget to follow the correct path and move on the most traveled path, because they believe materialistic accumulation is all they are living for. If they try to come out of this misconception, they will see the world from a different perspective. They will realize that this material which they aim to earn is only a temporary asset. But what will remain forever is their good deeds and behavior with people with whom they are associated. The ethical path consisting of the message of Allah and Prophet Muhammad (s.a.w) will give them internal peace and help them pleasing God- which is the ultimate aim of any Muslim.Motivated leaders clarify goals, set objectives, consult and respect followers, deal with followers kindly, humanely and with fairness. Spiritually people are cla ssified as those who have Nafs Ammarah, Nafs Lawwamah, Nafs Mutmainnah. Nafs Ammarah are those who possess negative motivation due to worries, escape of self- confidence, never respect others right and are not able to make followers feel secure. Nafs Lawwamah are the motivating ones who believe work is challenging, meaningful and provides directions for advancement, development and personal growth. Nafs Mutmainnah provides a high level of the sense of responsibility towards Allah and contentment since there is a feeling of being away from fear and anxiety and gives job satisfaction (Kazmi and Ahmad, 2006).In one of the Hadiths of Prophet Muhammad (s.a.w.), a person is encouraged to develop good characteristics and behaviors (Bukhari). It implies a manager should have a balanced personality where he is self-coloured but not violent, lenient but not weak, and generous but not extravagant (Ahmad, 2006). According to another Hadith, kindness is a strength and, therefore, managers are expected to be kind enough to others whether they are your employees, customers, or suppliers (Muslim).Islam emphasizes on relationships among people which should advocate equal rights for all, and urges leaders to seek advice or information from their followers in the carrying out their affairs. If this is translated into behavior at workplace then this should mean a consultative decision-making process, and a fairly diffused power structure. Self-discipline, trustfulness, honesty, respect, resolve, and loyalty should encourage managers to trust their subordinates judgement and integrity, which could result in a participative management. Co-operation, perseverance, and family-like relationships among people, should encourage teamwork and mutual support, and enhance productivity within an organization (Tayeb, 1997).Manager should be trustworthy since trust is a moral responsibility for everyone in the performance of their duties and their social, political and economic lives (Hanaf y and Sallam, 2006). The Quran says Allah doth commend you to render back your trust to those to whom they are due and when ye judge between man and man. That ye judge with justice. (458) In one of the Hadith, the Prophet (s.a.w.) mentioned the importance of trust in this public administration as whatever ruler who has been entrusted with the affairs of a group of Muslims and who dies as a dishonest ruler, to him paradise is forbidden by Allah.To treat people equally is a requirement of fairness and justice, an ethical code that modern corporations are trying to achieve. Islam has emphasized justice among human beings (Hanafy and Sallam, 2006). Averse in the Quran says, Allah commands justice, the doing of good and liberality to kith and kin. He forbids all shameful deeds, injustice and rebellion he instructs you, that ye may receive administration. (1690) Another verse from Quran says, To those who believe and to deeds of righteousness hath Allah promised forgiveness and a great reward. A manager should judge employees in an unbiased manner, because employees expect justice from their employer.ISLAM AND MANAGERIAL DIMENSIONSCorporate shadeCulture is the particular way of life in a specific society (Foster, 1965). With respect to corporate, Pettigrew (1979) explained culture as a system of publicity and collectively accepted meanings operating for a given group at a given time. This system of terms, forms, categories, and images interprets peoples own situation to themselves. The idea of collectively accepted meanings is prominent which suggests that the culture is related to those things that can be shared. Louis (1983) also came up with the idea of common understanding. She believed organizations are culture-bearing milieux, that is, they are distinctive social units possessed of a set of common understanding for organizing action.The Islamic Culture is derived from Islamic worldview that does not necessarily reflect contemporary Muslims societies. Ideal Islamic culture neither subscribes high power distance nor low (Kazmi and Ahmad, 2006). Islam teaches to respect and care others at workplace irrespective of the power or position one holds. Prophet (s.a.w) says, someone who fails to be affectionate to young, respect elderly and accords high honor to scholars, dont belong to me (being a Muslim). Therefore any power distance and authoritys respect is due to the benevolence in mutual relationship. Islamic culture promotes the feeling of social belongingness where a respect for individuals right is guaranteed.For the cultivation of an Islamic corporate culture, Islam has provided a number of values to be applied in organizations such as sincerity, painstakingness and good knowledge to be applied in all endeavors, justice, truthfulness, patience, prohibition of loving world and wealth, and avoidance of pride. The modern ways to compete in ready growing environment and Islamic culture to succeed in accordance to the teachings of Quran are most of the times contrast to each other as depicted in Figure 2.Figure 2 Distinction between Modern Culture and Islamic CultureModern CultureIslamic CulturePure individualismCollectivismPure materialismAesthetical ValueSupports FavoritismFavoritism is unethicalSocial belongingness missingSocial belongingness guaranteedCompetition with personal differencesHealthy competition without envy and jealousyTraining for deserved onesTraining and knowledge for allPower ConcentrationPower DistributionRespect those who are in powerRespect irrespective of power and positionPlanningPlanning to reach the final aim should be done in such a way that it goes parallel to Allahs will. If one has to follow the Islamic perspective to plan and compete then the intention should be to strive and achieve in the cause of Allah. While competing one should remember the teachings of Quran and Prophet (s.a.w.). If the intention is dishonorable such as envy, jealousy, mutual rivalry, etc., then it does not fo llow the Islamic view (Kazmi and Ahmad, 2006)LeadingRobbins (2001) defines leadership as the ability to influence a group toward the achievement of goals. Great leaders possess distinct qualities of confidence, iron-will, determination and strong decision power. (Kazmi and Ahmad, 2006) informs that in Islam, leadership is trust. It is psychological contract between a leader and his followers that he will try his best to guide them, to shelter them and to treat them fairly and with justice. The focus of leadership in Islam is on doing good.According to Islam, the two major roles of a leader are those of servant- leader and guardian- leader. A leader is the servant of his followers (Saiyyad Al- Qawn Khadimuhum). He is to seek their welfare and guide them towards good. On the other hand as the guardian- leader, the Muslim leader should protect his community against totalism and oppression, encourage God- consciousness and promotes justice.Leadership in Islam is rooted in belief and w illing submission to the Creator, Allah. It aims at serving Allah. To serve God, a Muslim leader is to act in accordance with the order of God and His Prophet (s.a.w.), and must develop a strong Islamic character. Kazmi and Ahmad (2006) highlight the four moral bases of Islamic Leadership- Islam Iman (faith in God), Taqwa (inner consciousness) and Ihsan (love of God). Islam means achievement of peace, with oneself and with the creation of God, through willing submission to Him. Iman implies in the Oneness of God and the prophethood of Muhammad (s.a.w.). A leader with strong Iman will consider himself and all his possessions as belongings to God. He will bow his ego, his ideas, his passions and his thinking to God. A leader with firm Iman will not dodge responsibility for his actions, and will continuously emphasize good deeds. Taqwa is the all- encompassing, inner- consciousness of duty towards God and awareness of ones a

The Murder of Helen Jewett by Patricia Cline Cohen Essay -- Murder Hel

The Murder of Helen Jewett by Patricia Cline Cohen In The Murder of Helen Jewett, Patricia Cohen uses one of the most lilliputian assassinates during the 1800s to illustrate the sexiest society accommodations to the privileged, hypocritical tunneled views toward versed behavior, and the exploitation of legal codes, use of tabloid journalism, and politics. Taking the fact that woman was made from taking a rib from man was more than biblical knowledge, nevertheless incorporated into the male belief that a womans place is determined by the man. Helen had the proper(a) rearing a maid servant, but how did she devolve so far from grace. Judge Weston properly takes credit for rearing her with the proper strictness and education. Was Helen seduced at an archaeozoic age and introduced to sexual perversions that were more persuasive that the record book belt life that the Westons tried to live? Was Helen simply a woman who knew how to use what she had to look at what she wanted? Throu gh personal correspondence, legal documentation, census reports, paintings, and newspapers we are able to make our own determinations. Cohen provides more than enough background and history to allow whatsoever one to make their own opinion how the murder of a woman could be turned into a side show at a circus. Helen Jewett, a prominent New York prostitute, was murdered and not provided was this rare but a heinous crime. Helens murder brought to the forefront the industry of prostitution. This would include the owners, managers, and the clients. In the Victorian era, in New York City, men and women roles deep down the society were as different as night and day. A man regardless of his extra curricular activities could still maintain a very third estateplace place in society. A womans worth was not only based family propose which distinguished her class and worth, but also her traffic if that was applicable. During this time in society the industry of prostitution was an econom ic gold mine. The women operate the brothel firearm very distinguished men in the connection own and take care of the up keep. The brothel keepers are seen as nothing more than common home wrecking whores. However, the owners of the brothels are viewed as palmy business men.For example, John Livingston, brother to President Jacksons, Sec of State, own the 41 Thomas St brothel. workforce of great wealth and statue were frequent to... ...use. This was customary for Richard to do. As the early days suitor made his way up the steps Helen greeted him by saying, Richard Im joyous that you could make it. Helen retired to her room with her suitor and they remained there for the most time.Helen emerged from her room around 1100 pm asking for a bottle of wine and Mrs. Townsend delivered the wine and occupied in brief conversation while noticing the young man lying on the bed reading. She was very familiar with Robinson and was able to say without a precariousness that he was the one that was in the bedroom with Helen. No one saw him leave nor did anyone let him out. Mrs. Townsend testified that a man had knocked on her door asking to be let out, but told him to render his woman to tot and get the key. No one returned for the key so there is no possible logical report of how Richard got out of the house, nor was a logical possibility of how anyone else could have gotten in the house. There were also several eye witnesses to the fact that Robinson was the owner of the cloak and that the hatchet utilise in the murder resembled the hatchet missing from Hoaxies store. Hoaxie just so happened to be Robinsons boss. The Murder of Helen Jewett by Patricia Cline Cohen Essay -- Murder HelThe Murder of Helen Jewett by Patricia Cline Cohen In The Murder of Helen Jewett, Patricia Cohen uses one of the most trivial murders during the 1800s to illustrate the sexiest society accommodations to the privileged, hypocritical tunneled views toward sexual behav ior, and the exploitation of legal codes, use of tabloid journalism, and politics. Taking the fact that woman was made from taking a rib from man was more than biblical knowledge, but incorporated into the male belief that a womans place is determined by the man. Helen had the proper rearing a maid servant, but how did she fall so far from grace. Judge Weston properly takes credit for rearing her with the proper strictness and education. Was Helen seduced at an early age and introduced to sexual perversions that were more persuasive that the bible belt life that the Westons tried to live? Was Helen simply a woman who knew how to use what she had to get what she wanted? Through personal correspondence, legal documentation, census reports, paintings, and newspapers we are able to make our own determinations. Cohen provides more than enough background and history to allow any one to make their own opinion how the murder of a woman could be turned into a side show at a circus. Helen Jew ett, a prominent New York prostitute, was murdered and not only was this rare but a heinous crime. Helens murder brought to the forefront the industry of prostitution. This would include the owners, managers, and the clients. In the Victorian era, in New York City, men and women roles within the society were as different as night and day. A man regardless of his extra curricular activities could still maintain a very prevalent place in society. A womans worth was not only based family name which distinguished her class and worth, but also her profession if that was applicable. During this time in society the industry of prostitution was an economic gold mine. The women operate the brothel while very distinguished men in the community own and take care of the up keep. The brothel keepers are seen as nothing more than common home wrecking whores. However, the owners of the brothels are viewed as successful business men.For example, John Livingston, brother to President Jacksons, Sec o f State, own the 41 Thomas St brothel. Men of great wealth and statue were frequent to... ...use. This was customary for Richard to do. As the young suitor made his way up the steps Helen greeted him by saying, Richard Im glad that you could make it. Helen retired to her room with her suitor and they remained there for the some time.Helen emerged from her room around 1100 pm asking for a bottle of wine and Mrs. Townsend delivered the wine and engaged in brief conversation while noticing the young man lying on the bed reading. She was very familiar with Robinson and was able to say without a doubt that he was the one that was in the bedroom with Helen. No one saw him leave nor did anyone let him out. Mrs. Townsend testified that a man had knocked on her door asking to be let out, but told him to have his woman to come and get the key. No one returned for the key so there is no possible logical explanation of how Richard got out of the house, nor was a logical possibility of how anyo ne else could have gotten in the house. There were also several eye witnesses to the fact that Robinson was the owner of the cloak and that the hatchet used in the murder resembled the hatchet missing from Hoaxies store. Hoaxie just so happened to be Robinsons boss.

Essay --

Theres a myth that time is money. In fact, time is more precious than money. Its a nonrenewable resource. Once youve spent it, and if youve spent it badly, its gone forever, this famous quote by Neil Fiore has drastic eithery changed my life. I have decided to workout time efficiently thus not wasting this priceless resource. Comparably reducing time duration in doing projects in industries is one of the main want of Fredrick Winslow Taylor popularly known as Father of Industrial engineering and Charles W. Babbage who contributed greatly to industrial engineering. Greatly inspired and motivated by the works of these mechanical engineers, I have decided to pursue active research in Industrial Engineering as a career objective. It was in my sixth semester of my under fine-tune university curriculum I took a course titled Operations research which took me close to the basic concepts of Industrial engineering. The topics learned in this course and its usage in day to day life made me to show further interest in the subject. For example before buying a new vehicle, you would evaluate all the possible options available to reach office, then you would select the fast and cost effective option thus reducing your expenses by doing this you are unknowingly utilise the concept of Optimization which is a basic concept of Industrial engineering. This liveliness present in the subject truly enthralled me. However it was in my quaternate semester the course Industrial engineering management taught how an industry can be managed effectively. Deeply interested in the topics I also selected project management as an elective subject this even made me to go deeper into the basic concepts of Industrial Engineering like Gantt charts, critical path m... ...co curricular are as definitive as studies in evaluating students profile. I am an active member of National Social Service of VIT University.In the National service scheme special camp, I taught children in elementary s chools for over 60 hours and explained to them the importance of education..It is my firm belief that in order to achieve greater things in life, a bachelors head is not sufficient. Based on my abilities and interests I feel that pursuing a graduate program at your prestigious university would benefit me greatly in the out of bounds of my dreams and goals. In this rapidly progressing world, higher knowledge, and wider exposure to practical experience and involvement in more extensive research are essential to the development of a well-rounded engineer. Hoping with a positive attitude, I ardently look forward to be a part of your esteemed institution.

Oedipus the King by Sopohocles Essay -- Oedipus King Sophocles Essays

Oedipus the King by SopohoclesWorks Cited Not IncludedThroughout the play, Oedipus the King, Sophocles refers to site and blindness to relate attitudes and knowledge of the past. The irony of smoke in this play can be marked by Oedipus in superpower to realize that which is evident to the reader. His extreme pride is his tragic flaw. It blinds him from the truth. Oedipus blinding himself symbolizes his increase of knowledge, his sensitivity, and gives him the ability to finally see. He is now able to see the flaws of his hubris attitude, and the consequences of which his pride brought to him. From the very beginning, Oedipus was blinded by pride. With the city of Thebes dying, Creon comes from the god Apollo to tell how to tab the plaque. An workout of Oedipus hubris is shown when he allow for not go into the palace to converse with Creon. He insists on talking in front of the crowd of citizens. Creon tells that the only way to stop the plaque is to find the killer of Lauis, the previous king. King Oedipus takes this task lightly, for he is the one who solved the riddle of the Sphinx, he surely could find the killer of royalty. This is other example of his tragic flaws, pride. When Oedipus vows to do everything in his power to find Laius killer, the leader of the chorus advises Oedipus that no one knows the identity of the murderer, and that the god Apollo should name him to the people. Oedipus replies to force the gods to flirt against their will- no man has the power.(320) He has called on the blind seer who knows what the god Apollo sees. It is ironic that Tiresias can see what Oedipus can not though he suffers of centenarian age and physical blindness. Tiresias, who is able to see the truth of the downfall of Oedipus thorough the oracles prophecy even in his own blindness, becomes the comparative get word from which Oedipus is judged, both by himself and by others. Throughout the conversation between Oedipus and Tiresias, he will not divulge the inf ormation King Oedipus is longing to hear. Id rather not cause pain to you or me. So why thisuseless interrogation? Youll get nothing from me (321) Tiresias says. This enrages Oedipus and he blames him for the murder, and then for conspiring with Creon to take his throne. These accusations Oedipus makes are caused by his fear of the truth he is too blind to see. This blame causes an argument... ...dentity from this man, that he even speaks of torture to get him to talk. From the way the man speaks to the other shepherd, unredeemed you, shut your mouthquite (346) You can tell that Oedipus is not going to like what this messenger has to say. He to owns the knowledge that is blinding Oedipus. But he will soon know and the knowledge of himself will set him free, and he will be able to understand his faults. When Oedipus finally realizes that the prophecy that he would kill his bewilder and marry his mother had came true, he was over come with shame. He goes to Jocastas quarters, wher e she had taken her own life, and gouged out his eyes with the broach that she wore. In the end, Oedipus gains insight into his life, his failings, and the genius of the gods and fate only through his own blindness, only through accepting the truth of his lack of vision, and his inability to impact fate. Oedipus gains a compassionate, though tragic chance because of his capacity to envision that which he could never see while he had his physical sight. Through his blindness, Oedipus is finally allowed the ability to see himself, and this is the irony of sight in Sophocles play Oedipus the King.

I Desire a Masters in Science :: Graduate Admissions Essays

I Desire a Masters in Science My interest in science dates back to my years in high school, where I excelled in physics, chemistry, and math. When I was a senior, I took a first-year calculus course at a local college (such an advanced-level class was non available in high school) and earned an A. It seemed only logical that I pursue a cargoner in electric engineering. When I began my undergraduate career, I had the opportunity to be exposed to the full range of engineering courses, all of which tended to reinforce and solidify my intense interest in engineering. Ive also had the opportunity to weigh a number of subjects in the humanities and they have been both enjoyable and enlightening, providing me with a new and different perspective on the world in which we live. In the realm of engineering, I have developed a special interest in the field of laser technology and have even been taking a graduate course in quantum electronics. Among the 25 or so students in the course, I am the sole undergraduate. Another particular interest of mine is electromagnetics, and stand up summer, when I was a technical assistant at a world-famous local lab, I learned about its many practical applications, especially in singing to microstrip and antenna design. Management at this lab was sufficiently impressed with my work to ask that I return when I graduate. Of course, my plans following completion of my current studies are to move directly into graduate work toward my masters in science. After I earn my masters degree, I intend to start work on my Ph.D. in electrical engineering. Later I would like to work in the area of research and development for private industry. It is in R & D that I believe I can make the greatest contribution, utilizing my theoretical background and creativity as a scientist.